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-- Table structure for table `TAB_S2_DevUser`
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CREATE TABLE `TAB_S2_DevUser` (
`idTAB_S2_DevUser` smallint(3) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment,
`id_survey` mediumint(9) NOT NULL,
`ModelStatus` varchar(10) default NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`idTAB_S2_DevUser`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='Indicate the status of the model ( Developer, User or None )' AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;
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-- Dumping data for table `TAB_S2_DevUser`
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-- Table structure for table `TAB_S2_ModelDescription`
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CREATE TABLE `TAB_S2_ModelDescription` (
`id_survey` mediumint(9) NOT NULL auto_increment,
`Description` text,
`ModelName` varchar(100) default NULL,
`s2phys` int(1) default '2',
`s2phys_key` varchar(150) default NULL,
`s2bgc` int(1) default '2',
`s2bgc_key` varchar(150) default NULL,
`s2life` int(1) default '2',
`s2life_key` varchar(150) default NULL,
`s2eco` int(1) default '2',
`s2eco_key` varchar(150) default NULL,
`s2fish` int(1) default '2',
`s2fish_key` varchar(150) default NULL,
`s2benthic` int(1) default '2',
`s2benthic_key` varchar(150) default NULL,
`s2_6environment` varchar(150) default NULL,
`s2ref` longtext,
`registration_date` timestamp NULL default NULL,
`ecopath` tinyint(1) NOT NULL default '0' COMMENT '=1 if the model coms from ECOPATH',
`ecopath_year` smallint(4) default NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id_survey`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='All the model description' AUTO_INCREMENT=1035 ;
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-- Dumping data for table `TAB_S2_ModelDescription`
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INSERT INTO `TAB_S2_ModelDescription` (`id_survey`, `Description`, `ModelName`, `s2phys`, `s2phys_key`, `s2bgc`, `s2bgc_key`, `s2life`, `s2life_key`, `s2eco`, `s2eco_key`, `s2fish`, `s2fish_key`, `s2benthic`, `s2benthic_key`, `s2_6environment`, `s2ref`, `registration_date`, `ecopath`, `ecopath_year`) VALUES
(69, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 1, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:04:51', 0, NULL),
(70, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:04:51', 0, NULL),
(71, 'Abstract: A population dynamics model of Calanus finmarchicus based on Lagrangian particles has been coupled with a 1-D ecosystem model. Each of the particles represents a variable number of copepods which experience the same fate. Therefore all copepods of a single particle represent a cohort and are characterized by a common set of individual properties such as age, development-stage, depth, structural weight (length), lipid pool or food satiation. The physical environment is parameterized by a 1-D-water column with a vertical resolution of 1 m and a maximum depth of 800 m. Copepod food supply is provided by an interactive Eulerian NPZD model where Z represents microzooplankton. The model correctly reproduces both the dynamics of the ecosystem and the life history of the copepods in the Norwegian Sea. Simulated results of trajectories of particles in the water column, and of individual growth and stage development were analysed. Results on seasonal abundance, development time, number of generations, depth profiles, and patterns of diurnal and ontogenic migration are compared with field data from OWS India.', 'ECO3M - BioGeoChem', 0, 'SYMPHONIE', 1, 'ECO3M - BioGeoChem', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:04:51', 0, NULL),
(72, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:04:51', 0, NULL),
(73, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:04:51', 0, NULL),
(74, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:10:49', 0, NULL),
(75, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:10:49', 0, NULL),
(76, '', '3MZOO', 2, '', 1, '3MZOO', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '?', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:10:49', 0, NULL),
(77, '', 'PISCES', 0, 'OPA v9', 1, 'PISCES', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:10:49', 0, NULL),
(78, '', 'POM', 0, 'POM', 1, 'POM', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:03:14', 0, NULL),
(79, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:10:49', 0, NULL),
(80, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:15:08', 0, NULL),
(81, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:15:08', 0, NULL),
(82, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:15:08', 0, NULL),
(83, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 1, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:15:08', 0, NULL),
(84, '', 'Box Model', 2, '', 2, '', 1, 'Box Model', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:15:08', 0, NULL),
(85, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:15:08', 0, NULL),
(86, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:18:14', 0, NULL),
(87, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:18:14', 0, NULL),
(88, '', 'AZTI-IBM', 0, 'ROMS/Trimodena', 2, '', 1, 'AZTI-IBM', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'azti-ibm', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:18:14', 0, NULL),
(89, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:18:14', 0, NULL),
(90, '', 'PROBE-Baltic', 2, '', 1, 'PROBE-Baltic', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:18:14', 0, NULL),
(91, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:24:28', 0, NULL),
(94, 'The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM) has been originally developed, refined and applied in EU Marine Science and Technology (MAST) projects.
\r\nThe model is a set of biogeochemical equations describing the cycling of carbon, the macro-nutrients N, P and Si and oxygen (O) through the lower trophic levels in temperate shelf seas. The model has been applied to aquatic systems ranging from mesocosms in Danish waters and Norwegian fjords, to multidimensional applications in the North Sea, Baltic sub-basins and the Adriatic Sea. The biology is formulated identically everywhere, but it expresses itself widely differently in the different systems it has been applied to. This implies that ERSEM is well on its way to meeting its prime objective of being a generic formulation of marine ecosystem function in temperate waters. It has the capability of addressing (and maybe even laying to rest) some of the apparent paradoxes in marine ecology such as bottom-up vs. top-down control, bacterioplankton being a sink or a link to higher trophic levels, the consequences of eutrification at a system level, etc. \r\n', 'ERSEM3', 0, 'POLCOM', 1, 'ERSEM3', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'POL', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:24:28', 0, NULL),
(95, 'The European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM) has been originally developed, refined and applied in EU Marine Science and Technology (MAST) projects.
\r\nThe model is a set of biogeochemical equations describing the cycling of carbon, the macro-nutrients N, P and Si and oxygen (O) through the lower trophic levels in temperate shelf seas. The model has been applied to aquatic systems ranging from mesocosms in Danish waters and Norwegian fjords, to multidimensional applications in the North Sea, Baltic sub-basins and the Adriatic Sea. The biology is formulated identically everywhere, but it expresses itself widely differently in the different systems it has been applied to. This implies that ERSEM is well on its way to meeting its prime objective of being a generic formulation of marine ecosystem function in temperate waters. It has the capability of addressing (and maybe even laying to rest) some of the apparent paradoxes in marine ecology such as bottom-up vs. top-down control, bacterioplankton being a sink or a link to higher trophic levels, the consequences of eutrification at a system level, etc. \r\n', 'ERSEM3', 0, 'POLCOM', 1, 'ERSEM3', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'POL', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:03:14', 0, NULL),
(96, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:24:28', 0, NULL),
(97, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:24:28', 0, NULL),
(98, '', 'ROMS-NPZD', 0, 'ROMS/SCRUM', 1, 'ROMS-NPZD', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'ROMS (Regional Oceanic Modeling System)', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:16:51', 0, NULL),
(99, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:37:01', 0, NULL),
(100, 'OSMOSE (Object-oriented Simulator of Marine ecOSystems Exploitation) is a java code, multispecies Individual-Based Model (IBM) to explore the functional role of biodiversity in marine ecosystems. \r\n\r\nOSMOSE allows the representation of age- and size-structured populations comprised of groups of individuals that interact within a spatialized food web. Within each group, which constitutes the basic interaction entity (the ‘super-individual’ in individual-based modelling terminology), fish belong to the same species, have similar biological parameters and behaviour rules. Somatic growth, reproduction, predation and starvation processes are modelled. Two rules apply for the predation process: for a given fish group, prey selection depends both on the spatial and temporal co-occurrence of the predator and its prey, and on the respective lengths of the prey versus the predator. Thus, fish feed regardless of the taxonomy of their prey. The strength of both predation and competition relationships therefore vary according to changes in relative species abundance.', 'OSMOSE', 0, 'ROMS/SCRUM', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 1, 'OSMOSE', 2, '', 'ROMS', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:37:01', 0, NULL),
(101, 'The MARS-3D code simulates the oceanic circulation from shoreline to few\r\nhundreds of kilometres offshore. The primitive Navier-Stokes equations\r\nare solved under both hydrostatic and Boussinesq asumptions.\r\nBased on finite difference discretisation, this code is written in\r\nFortran (norm 77). It presently runs on several platforms (SUN, Linux\r\nPC, Compaq cluster, NEC SX5), with shared memory parallelisation using\r\nOpenMP library.', 'MARS-NPZD', 0, 'MARS 3D', 1, 'MARS-NPZD', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:39:43', 0, NULL),
(102, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:39:43', 0, NULL),
(103, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:39:43', 0, NULL),
(104, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:39:43', 0, NULL),
(105, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:39:43', 0, NULL),
(106, '', 'Box Model', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 1, 'Box Model', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:56:31', 0, NULL),
(107, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:56:31', 0, NULL),
(109, 'The Biogeochemical Fluxes Model (BFM) is based on the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model ERSEM3. Previous versions of the ERSEM model has been successfully implemented in the Mediterranean Sea, in a one or three dimensional implementation using the coupling with the Princeton Ocean Model (POM).\r\n
\r\nThe BFM is a generic ecological model that describes both the pelagic and benthic ecosystems and the coupling between them in term of the significant biogeochemical processes affecting the flow of carbon, nitrogen phosphorus silicon and oxygen. The ecology described is not site specific and respond to the physiochemical environment within which it is placed. The BFM considers the ecosystem to be a series of interacting physical chemical and biological processes that together exhibit a coherent system behaviour. Having all significant ecological pathways in the modelled system means that it responds to the physical and chemical forcing in a way that is at least qualitatively correct under a wide range of conditions.\r\n
\r\nThe dynamics of biological functional groups are described by population processes (growth, migration, mortality) and physiological (ingestion, respiration, excretion, egestion). The biota is subdivided in three functional groups types: producers (phytoplankton), decomposers (pelagic and benthic bacteria) and consumers (zooplankton and zoobenthos). These broad functional classifications are the subdivided, by grouping biota according to size classes or feeding method, to create a food web. Schematic of the BFM State variable and model structure is shown above', 'BFM (BGC Flux Model)', 0, 'OPA', 1, 'BFM (BGC Flux Model)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-10-10 16:30:12', 0, NULL),
(110, '', 'personally developed', 2, '', 1, 'personally developed', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 15:56:31', 0, NULL),
(111, '', 'BFM (BGC Flux Model)', 0, 'OPA', 1, 'BFM (BGC Flux Model)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-10-10 16:30:12', 0, NULL),
(112, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 17:30:21', 0, NULL),
(113, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 12:39:22', 0, NULL),
(114, '', 'Box Model', 2, '', 1, 'Box Model', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-11 15:06:19', 0, NULL),
(115, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 12:39:22', 0, NULL),
(117, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 12:39:22', 0, NULL),
(118, 'A biogeochemical model (BIO) is coupled to the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) for simulations of marine ecosystem dynamics. Biogeochemical models strongly depend on the physical model into which they are embedded and can only be compared to each others on identical physical frames. The GOTM-BIO model can be such a framework.\r\n\r\nGOTM-BIO includes several ecosystem models:\r\n 1."NPZD" biogeochemical model (nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus).\r\n 2."IOW" biogeochemical model including nutrients (NO3, NH4 and PO4), oxygen, 3 phytoplankton groups (flagellates, diatoms and bluegreen algae), zooplankton, and detritus (Neuman 2000) have been applied for the Baltic Sea and the northern North Sea.\r\n 3."The Fasham (1990)" biogeochemical model is under implementation.\r\n 4."Mussel filtration" model coupled with one of the biogeochemical modules. ', 'GOTM-BIO', 0, 'GETM', 1, 'GOTM-BIO', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-11 16:01:38', 0, NULL),
(119, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 17:30:21', 0, NULL),
(120, '', 'TOTEM/SOCM', 2, '', 1, 'TOTEM/SOCM', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'TOTEM and SOCM', NULL, '2006-03-23 17:30:21', 0, NULL),
(121, 'Coarse Resolution Model: 30 Initialized Functional Types of surface phytoplankton abundance (as phosphorus concentration) from an ocean model (MITgcm, 2.8 degree resolution global configuration)', 'MIT GCM', 0, 'MIT GCM', 1, 'MIT GCM', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-09 19:50:35', 0, NULL),
(122, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 12:17:53', 0, NULL),
(123, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 12:17:53', 0, NULL),
(124, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-29 10:10:30', 0, NULL),
(125, '', 'NATCALM', 2, '', 1, 'NATCALM', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-29 10:10:30', 0, NULL),
(126, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 12:17:53', 0, NULL),
(127, 'A biogeochemical model (BIO) is coupled to the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) for simulations of marine ecosystem dynamics. Biogeochemical models strongly depend on the physical model into which they are embedded and can only be compared to each others on identical physical frames. The GOTM-BIO model can be such a framework.\r\n\r\nGOTM-BIO includes several ecosystem models:\r\n 1."NPZD" biogeochemical model (nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus).\r\n 2."IOW" biogeochemical model including nutrients (NO3, NH4 and PO4), oxygen, 3 phytoplankton groups (flagellates, diatoms and bluegreen algae), zooplankton, and detritus (Neuman 2000) have been applied for the Baltic Sea and the northern North Sea.\r\n 3."The Fasham (1990)" biogeochemical model is under implementation.\r\n 4."Mussel filtration" model coupled with one of the biogeochemical modules. ', 'GOTM-BIO', 0, 'GETM', 1, 'GOTM-BIO', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-13 16:56:06', 0, NULL),
(128, '', 'STRATHCALANUS', 0, 'HANSOM', 2, '', 1, 'STRATHCALANUS', 0, 'STRATHCODY', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-29 10:10:30', 0, NULL),
(129, 'The SWAMCO-4 biogeochemical model is a complex mechanistic model of the marine planktonic system describing C, N, P, Si, Fe cycling within the upper ocean, the export production and the exchange of CO2 between Ocean and atmosphere. The model constrained by physical, chemical and biological (grazing and lysis) controls, explicitly details the dynamic of four relevant phytoplankton functional groups with respect to C, N, P, Si, Fe cycling and climate change. These are diatoms, autotrophic pico-nanophytoplankton, coccolithophorids and Phaeocystis sp., distinguished on the basis of their physiology (temperature and light adaptation, nutrient and iron uptake kinetics and sinking rates) and mode of grazer control (microzooplankton and mesozooplanton). \r\n\r\nThe performance of SWAMCO-4 has been evaluated through its application in:\r\n- The Atlantic sector (at 6W, between 47S and 58S) in Austral spring 1992 \r\n- The mesoscale iron enrichment experiment SOIREE , in late summer 1999 south of Australia (61S, 140E)\r\n- The ice-free Southern Ocean Time Series station KERFIX (50.40S, 68E) for the period 1993-1994\r\n- The sea-ice associated Ross Sea domain (Station S; 76S, 180W) of the Antarctic Environment and Southern ocean Process study AESOPS in 1996-1997\r\n- The North Atlantic Bloom Experiment NABE (60N, 20W) in 1991.\r\nA simplified version of the SWAMCO-4 model is implemented in the 3D ice-ocean model Orca-LIM in the domain south of 30S.', 'SWAMCO', 0, 'OPA-ORCA-LIM', 1, 'SWAMCO', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-11-14 17:32:24', 0, NULL),
(130, '', 'LOCH', 2, '', 1, 'LOCH', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 17:30:21', 0, NULL),
(132, 'Berkeley Madonna is a general purpose differential equation solver developed by Robert Macey and George Oster of the University of California at Berkeley under the sponsorship of NSF and NIH. \r\n\r\nBerkeley Modonna runs on Windows and Macintosh Computers and is currently used by academic and commercial institutions for constructing mathematical models for research and teaching.\r\n\r\nThe compute engine of Berkeley Madonna was originally written in C, and later extended with the Flowchart graphical interface written in Java.', 'Berkeley Madonna', 2, '', 1, 'Berkeley Madonna', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'C language', NULL, '2006-09-11 16:01:38', 0, NULL),
(133, '', 'POM2K, SINMOD and self designed software', 2, '', 1, 'POM2K, SINMOD and self designed software', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 17:30:21', 0, NULL),
(134, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-03-23 11:53:36', 0, NULL),
(135, 'Description of the cycles of organic carbon and CaCO3 [Marchal et al., 1998b], based on Redfield approach using PO4 as biolimiting nutrient. Production of organic carbon exported from the euphotic zone is related to the local PO4 availability via Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Export production partitioned between POC and DOC and recycled below euphotic zone. Tracers: DIC, DOC, 13C and 14C in DIC and DOC, Alkalinity, PO4, O2.\r\n\r\nThe Bern 2.5D Climate Model is designed to study the role of the large-scale ocean thermohaline circulation in the Earth climate system of the past, present and future, and has the following compartments: Atmosphere, Ocean, Sea ice model, Ocean carbon cycle, Terrestrial biosphere', 'Bern3D', 0, 'Bern3D', 1, 'Bern3D', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'Bern', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:08:48', 0, NULL),
(136, 'Description of the cycles of organic carbon and CaCO3 [Marchal et al., 1998b], based on Redfield approach using PO4 as biolimiting nutrient. Production of organic carbon exported from the euphotic zone is related to the local PO4 availability via Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Export production partitioned between POC and DOC and recycled below euphotic zone. Tracers: DIC, DOC, 13C and 14C in DIC and DOC, Alkalinity, PO4, O2.', 'Bern3D', 0, 'Bern3D', 1, 'Bern3D', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-11 17:06:15', 0, NULL),
(137, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:08:47', 0, NULL),
(138, 'OCCAM is a primitive equation numerical model of the global ocean. It is based on the GFDL MOM version of the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model but includes a free surface and improved advection schemes. A regular longitude-latitude grid is used for the Pacific, Indian and South Atlantic Oceans. A rotated longitude-latitude grid is used for the Artic and North Atlantic Oceans, which has its poles on the equator in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. This overcomes the singularity that otherwise arises at the North Pole. A simple channel model is used to connect the two grids through the Bering Strait.\r\n\r\nThe model depths are based on the DBDB5 data set, with sill depths checked against against original surveys.\r\n\r\nThe model was started from the Levitus annual mean temperature and salinityfields. The surface forcing uses ECMWF monthly mean winds and relaxation to the Levitus seasonal surface temperature and salinity fields.\r\n\r\nThe model is run on the UK Research Councils'' multi-processor Cray-T3D operated by the University of Edinburgh. The initial model run for 12 model years will be completed by September 1996. The results are being used to understand the heat flows and movements of different water types in the ocean. They are also being used to help analyse the data from WOCE, the World Ocean Circulation Experiment. ', 'OCCAM', 1, 'OCCAM', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-09 19:50:35', 0, NULL),
(139, 'Abstract: A new regulatory model can describe acclimation of phytoplankton growth rate (mu), chlorophyll a:carbon ratio and nitrogen:carbon ratio to irradiance, temperature and nutrient availability. The model uses three indices of phytoplankton biomass-phytoplankton carbon (C), phytoplankton nitrogen (N), and chlorophyll a (Chl). The model links the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis to N: C, requires that Chi a synthesis be coupled to nitrogen assimilation, and includes several regulatory features. The:je include feedback inhibition of the nitrogen assimilation rate by increases in the N: C ratio, as well as regulation of Chi a synthesis by the balance between Light absorption and photosynthetic carbon fixation. The model treats respiration as the sum of the maintenance metabolic requirement and the cost of biosynthesis. In addition, the model can account for accumulation and mobilization of energy reserves (i.e. variability of N: C) and photoacclimation (i.e. variability of Chi: N and Chl:C) in response to variations in irradiance and nutrient availability. The assumptions of the model are shown to be in agreement with experimental observations and the model output compares favorably with data for cultures in balanced and unbalanced growth.', '0D phytoplankton growth model', 2, '', 1, '0D phytoplankton growth model', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:08:47', 0, NULL),
(140, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:37:08', 0, NULL),
(141, 'Lagrangian Ensemble (LE) is a Carbon-based metamodel that simulates plankton ecosystems by using agent-based modelling to describe the life histories of many thousands of individual plankters. The demography of each plankton population is computed from those life histories. So too is bio-optical and biochemical feedback to the environment. The resulting ‘‘virtual ecosystem’’ is a comprehensive simulation of the plankton ecosystem. It is based on phenotypic equations for individual micro-organisms.\r\n\r\nAs a branch of individual-based modelling, the LE metamodel embraces this use of biological primitive equations for micro-organisms, such as plankton. That gives it a solid scientific base, which is not found in population-based modelling. It means that the simulated ecosystem can be explained in terms of fundamental\r\nproperties that are known to be true because they are derived from reproducible experiments on plankton cultures. That makes plankton modelling in biological oceanography as secure as physical modelling in weather forecasting. This indirect approach permits the ecosystem to adjust gracefully to changes in exogenous forcing.\r\n\r\nLE model simulations are created on the Virtual Ecosystem Workbench (VEW) which runs in Java environment and on any operating system (Mcirosoft Windows, Apple OS-X, Linux, etc).\r\n\r\nThe VEW includes a default NPZD plankton model, which users can change easily without the need for computer programming. The VEW also includes comprehensive automation of chemical and biological budgeting, so it automatically handles issues that normally require an experienced modeller.\r\n\r\nForcing by default by the following datasets: ERA40, OCCAM velocity field, NOAA World Ocean Atlas nutrients and hydrology', 'Lagrangian Ensemble', 0, 'OCCAM', 1, 'Lagrangian Ensemble', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'Planktonica (Hinsley, 2005)', NULL, '2007-03-09 19:50:35', 0, NULL),
(142, 'Since its development in the early 1980s, the mass-balance approach incorporated in the Ecopath software has been widely used for constructing food-web models of\r\nmarine and other ecosystems. Generalizations on the structure and functioning of such ecosystems, relevant to the issue of fisheries impacts, have been developed and these have a?ected the evolution of the Ecopath approach. Thus, the description of the average state of an ecosystem, using Ecopath proper, now serves to parametrize systems of coupled di?erence and di?erential equations, which are used to depict changes in biomasses and trophic interactions in time (Ecosim) and space (Ecospace). The outcomes of these simulations can then be used to modify the initial parametrization, and the simulations are rerun until external validation is achieved. This reconceptualization of the Ecopath approach as an iterative process, which helps address issues of structural uncertainty, does not increase its input requirements markedly. Rather, it has become possible, through a Bayesian resampling routine, to explicitly consider the numerical uncertainty associated with these inputs.', 'Ecopath with Ecosim', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 0, 'Ecopath with Ecosim', 1, 'Ecopath with Ecosim', 2, '', 'Ecopath', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:10:41', 0, NULL),
(143, '', '1D phys-biol coupled model', 0, '', 1, '1D phys-biol coupled model', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:16:51', 0, NULL),
(144, 'MIRO is a complex ecological model MIRO chosen to resolve the changing nutrients loads, the\r\ncomplex biology and hydrodynamics and the tight coupling between the benthic and pelagic\r\nrealm that characterises the coastal shelf ecosystem. The 3D-MIRO&CO model was run to\r\nsimulate the annual cycle of inorganic and organic nutrients, phytoplankton (diatoms &\r\nPhaeocytis), bacteria and zooplankton (microzooplankton & copepods) in the Southern Bight of\r\nthe North Sea for the period 1990-2000. These model runs give for the first time a general view\r\nof interannual and spatial variability of blooms and nutrient cycling within the domain.\r\nAdditional MIRO&CO runs are conducted to explore the ecosystem response to several nutrient\r\nreduction scenarios under contrasting climate conditions.\r\n\r\nState variables included the main inorganic nutrients (nitrate [NO3], ammonium [NH4], phosphate [PO4] and dissolved silica [DSi]), 3 groups of phytoplankton with different trophic fates (diatoms, nanophytoflagellates and Phaeocystis colonies), 2 zooplankton groups (copepods and microzooplankton), bacteria, and 5 classes of detrital organic matter with different biodegradability. \r\n\r\nThe capability of the MIRO model to properly simulate the observed SW-NE gradient in nutrient enrichment and the seasonal cycle of inorganic and organic C and nutrients, phytoplankton, bacteria and zooplankton in the eastern English Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea is demonstrated by running the model for the period from 1989 to 1999. \r\n', 'MIRO (North Sea)', 0, 'OPA-ORCA-LIM and COHERENS 3D', 1, 'MIRO (North Sea)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:16:51', 0, NULL),
(183, 'NORWegian ECOlogical Model (NORWECOM)is a coupled nutrient based 3-D primary production model (Aksnes et al., 1995; Skogen et al., 1995; Skogen and Søiland, 1998).\r\n\r\nFor hydrodynamics the model is coupled to the Princeton Ocean Model or ROMS v2.0 with ice.\r\n\r\nNORWECOM is applied to study primary production, nutrient budgets and dispersion\r\nof particles such as fish larvae and pollution. The model has been used for a long-term study of primary production in the North Sea (Skogen and Moll, 2000) and been validated by comparison with field data in the North Sea/Skagerrak in the works of Svendsen et al. (1995, 1996), Berntsen et al. (1996), Skogen et al. (1997), Søiland and Skogen (2000), Søiland et al. (in preparation).\r\n\r\nThe biological model is coupled to the physical model through the subsurface light, the hydrography and the horizontal and the vertical movement of the water masses. The prognostic variables are: inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and silicate, two different types of phytoplankton (diatoms and fagellates), detritus (dead organic matter), light and turbidity. The forcing variables for the circulation are six-hourly hindcast atmospheric pressure "elds provided by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (DNMI) (Eide et al., 1985; Reistad and Iden, 1998)', 'NORWECOM', 0, 'POM and ROMS v2.0', 1, 'NORWECOM', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'ROMS/POM', NULL, '2007-03-09 19:50:35', 0, NULL),
(199, '', 'personally developed', 0, '', 1, 'personally developed', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:37:08', 0, NULL),
(201, '', 'personally developed', 0, '', 2, '', 2, '', 1, 'personally developed', 2, '', 2, '', 'e.g. NEMO, ROMS ...', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:37:08', 0, NULL),
(214, 'The Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle Model (HAMOCC) has been developed by Ernst Maier-Reimer and Christoph Heinze at the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Meteorologie in Germany. \r\n\r\nHAMOCC is an NPZD type model and predicts the atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure, production rates of biogenic particulate matter, and geochemical tracer distributions in the water column as well as bioturbated sediment. Besides the carbon cycle this model version includes also the marine silicon cycle. The model based on the grid and geometry of the LSG (Maier-Reimer et al., 1993) and uses a climatological annual velocity field. ', 'HamOCC v5', 0, 'LSG / MPI-OM-1 / MICOM', 1, 'HamOCC v5', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'MPI', NULL, '2006-05-29 17:12:48', 0, NULL),
(270, 'PISCES is a 24 compartment biogeochemical model which simulates the marine biological productivity and describes the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and of the main nutrients (P, N, Si, Fe). Constant Redfield ratio is assumed but the nitrogen pool undergoes nitrogen fixation and denitrfication. The elemental ratios of Fe, Si and Chl are prognostically predicted based on the external concentrations of the limiting nutrients like in the quota approach, and phytoplankton growth depends on the external concentration in nutrients. \r\n\r\nCurrently PISCES is coupled online to OPA for hydrodynamics (www.lodyc.jussieu.fr/opa) but ROMS coupled version is also available (olivier.aumont@ird.fr). \r\n\r\nThere are four living compartments represented (two phytoplankton size-classes/groups corresponding to nanophytoplankton and diatoms, and two zooplankton size classes which are microzooplankton and mesozooplankton), and three non-living compartments (semi-labile dissolved organic matter, small and big sinking particles).\r\n\r\nThe bacterial pool is not yet explicitly modeled and the sinking speed of the particles is not altered by their content in calcite and biogenic silicate. PISCES also simulates dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity and dissolved oxygen. \r\n', 'PISCES v1', 0, 'OPA v9', 1, 'PISCES v1', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2007-07-13 00:37:22', 0, NULL),
(274, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:37:08', 0, NULL),
(288, 'Abstract: A new regulatory model can describe acclimation of phytoplankton growth rate (mu), chlorophyll a:carbon ratio and nitrogen:carbon ratio to irradiance, temperature and nutrient availability. The model uses three indices of phytoplankton biomass-phytoplankton carbon (C), phytoplankton nitrogen (N), and chlorophyll a (Chl). The model links the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis to N: C, requires that Chi a synthesis be coupled to nitrogen assimilation, and includes several regulatory features. The:je include feedback inhibition of the nitrogen assimilation rate by increases in the N: C ratio, as well as regulation of Chi a synthesis by the balance between Light absorption and photosynthetic carbon fixation. The model treats respiration as the sum of the maintenance metabolic requirement and the cost of biosynthesis. In addition, the model can account for accumulation and mobilization of energy reserves (i.e. variability of N: C) and photoacclimation (i.e. variability of Chi: N and Chl:C) in response to variations in irradiance and nutrient availability. The assumptions of the model are shown to be in agreement with experimental observations and the model output compares favorably with data for cultures in balanced and unbalanced growth.', '1D Lagrangian particle model', 2, '', 1, '1D Lagrangian particle model', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-05-16 13:11:36', 0, NULL),
(289, 'The SWAMCO-4 biogeochemical model is a complex mechanistic model of the marine planktonic system describing C, N, P, Si, Fe cycling within the upper ocean, the export production and the exchange of CO2 between Ocean and atmosphere. The model constrained by physical, chemical and biological (grazing and lysis) controls, explicitly details the dynamic of four relevant phytoplankton functional groups with respect to C, N, P, Si, Fe cycling and climate change. These are diatoms, autotrophic pico-nanophytoplankton, coccolithophorids and Phaeocystis sp., distinguished on the basis of their physiology (temperature and light adaptation, nutrient and iron uptake kinetics and sinking rates) and mode of grazer control (microzooplankton and mesozooplanton). \r\n\r\nThe performance of SWAMCO-4 has been evaluated through its application in:\r\n- The Atlantic sector (at 6W, between 47S and 58S) in Austral spring 1992 \r\n- The mesoscale iron enrichment experiment SOIREE , in late summer 1999 south of Australia (61S, 140E)\r\n- The ice-free Southern Ocean Time Series station KERFIX (50.40S, 68E) for the period 1993-1994\r\n- The sea-ice associated Ross Sea domain (Station S; 76S, 180W) of the Antarctic Environment and Southern ocean Process study AESOPS in 1996-1997\r\n- The North Atlantic Bloom Experiment NABE (60N, 20W) in 1991.\r\nA simplified version of the SWAMCO-4 model is implemented in the 3D ice-ocean model Orca-LIM in the domain south of 30S.\r\n', 'SWAMCO', 0, 'OPA-ORCA-LIM', 1, 'SWAMCO', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2007-03-09 19:50:35', 0, NULL),
(290, 'Abstract: A population dynamics model of Calanus finmarchicus based on Lagrangian particles has been coupled with a 1-D ecosystem model. Each of the particles represents a variable number of copepods which experience the same fate. Therefore all copepods of a single particle represent a cohort and are characterized by a common set of individual properties such as age, development-stage, depth, structural weight (length), lipid pool or food satiation. The physical environment is parameterized by a 1-D-water column with a vertical resolution of 1 m and a maximum depth of 800 m. Copepod food supply is provided by an interactive Eulerian NPZD model where Z represents microzooplankton. The model correctly reproduces both the dynamics of the ecosystem and the life history of the copepods in the Norwegian Sea. Simulated results of trajectories of particles in the water column, and of individual growth and stage development were analysed. Results on seasonal abundance, development time, number of generations, depth profiles, and patterns of diurnal and ontogenic migration are compared with field data from OWS India.', 'ECO3M - Life History', 0, 'SYMPHONIE', 2, '', 1, 'ECO3M - Life History', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:37:08', 0, NULL),
(294, 'PlankTOM5 is a Dynamic Dynamic Green Ocean Model that represents five Plankton Functional Types: the calcifiers, silicifiers, and mixed phytoplankton types, and the proto and meso zooplankton types. Phytoplanktonic growth is co-limited by light and the minimum of total N, Si and Fe. Currently, the different ratios of C/P/N in plankton are fixed, but the C/Fe, C/Si and C/Chl ratios are variable. This model is based on the PISCES biogeochemistry model developed by O. Aumont at the Laboratoire d''Océanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie.\r\n\r\nPlankTOM5 is a global model with one global set of parameters, but it can also be used for local and regional applications. Prognostic variables are the three dimensional tracer concentrations. Currently, there are 27 prognostic variables describing the carbon, nitrogen, silicon and iron cycles. PlankTOM5 is embedded into the OPA-ORCA general circulation model (GCM). However, it is possible to couple the PlankTOM5 to other GCMs. ', 'PlankTOM10', 0, 'OPA', 1, 'PlankTOM10', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-10-13 16:47:49', 0, NULL),
(295, 'PlankTOM5 is a Dynamic Dynamic Green Ocean Model that represents five Plankton Functional Types: the calcifiers, silicifiers, and mixed phytoplankton types, and the proto and meso zooplankton types. Phytoplanktonic growth is co-limited by light and the minimum of total N, Si and Fe. Currently, the different ratios of C/P/N in plankton are fixed, but the C/Fe, C/Si and C/Chl ratios are variable. This model is based on the PISCES biogeochemistry model developed by O. Aumont at the Laboratoire d''Océanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie.\r\n\r\nPlankTOM5 is a global model with one global set of parameters, but it can also be used for local and regional applications. Prognostic variables are the three dimensional tracer concentrations. Currently, there are 27 prognostic variables describing the carbon, nitrogen, silicon and iron cycles. PlankTOM5 is embedded into the OPA-ORCA general circulation model (GCM). However, it is possible to couple the PlankTOM5 to other GCMs. ', 'PlankTOM5', 0, 'OPA', 1, 'PlankTOM5', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2007-07-13 00:03:49', 0, NULL),
(319, 'The Biogeochemical Fluxes Model (BFM) is based on the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model ERSEM3. Previous versions of the ERSEM model has been successfully implemented in the Mediterranean Sea, in a one or three dimensional implementation using the coupling with the Princeton Ocean Model (POM).\r\n\r\nThe BFM is a generic ecological model that describes both the pelagic and benthic ecosystems and the coupling between them in term of the significant biogeochemical processes affecting the flow of carbon, nitrogen phosphorus silicon and oxygen. The ecology described is not site specific and respond to the physiochemical environment within which it is placed. The BFM considers the ecosystem to be a series of interacting physical chemical and biological processes that together exhibit a coherent system behaviour. Having all significant ecological pathways in the modelled system means that it responds to the physical and chemical forcing in a way that is at least qualitatively correct under a wide range of conditions.\r\n\r\nThe dynamics of biological functional groups are described by population processes (growth, migration, mortality) and physiological (ingestion, respiration, excretion, egestion). The biota is subdivided in three functional groups types: producers (phytoplankton), decomposers (pelagic and benthic bacteria) and consumers (zooplankton and zoobenthos). These broad functional classifications are the subdivided, by grouping biota according to size classes or feeding method, to create a food web. \r\n\r\nSchematic of the BFM State variable and model structure is shown above\r\n', 'BFM (BGC Flux Model)', 0, 'POM (GOTM or NEMO)', 1, 'BFM (BGC Flux Model)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, 'BFM (BGC Flux Model)', '', NULL, '2006-11-10 10:22:07', 0, NULL),
(320, 'PELAGOS is the global pelagic application of the Biogeochemical Flux Model (BFM)developed for the Mediterranean Sea by INGV, NIOZ and UNIBO (http://www.bo.ingv.it/bfm)\r\n\r\nThe set of equations for global ocean biogeochemistry deterministic models have been formulated in a comprehensive and unified form in order to use them in numerical simulations of the marine ecosystem for climate change studies (PELAGOS, PELAgic biogeochemistry for Global Ocean Simulations). The fundamental approach stems from the representation of marine trophic interactions and major biogeochemical cycles introduced in the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM). Our theoretical formulation revisits and generalizes the stoichiometric approach of ERSEM by defining the state variables as Chemical Functional Families (CFF). CFFs are further subdivided into living, non-living and inorganic components. Living CFFs are the basis for the definition of Living Functional Groups, the biomass-based functional prototype of the real organisms. Both CFFs and LFGs are theoretical constructs which allow us to relate measurable properties of marine biogeochemistry to the state variables used in deterministic models. This approach is sufficiently generic that may be used to describe other existing biomass-based ecosystem model.\r\n\r\nOriginal ERSEM publication: \r\nBaretta et al 1995. The European-Regional-Seas-Ecosystem-Model, Netherlands J. of Sea Res. 33(3-4) p233', 'ERSEM(BFM)-PELAGOS', 0, 'OPA 8.2 (ORCA2)', 1, 'ERSEM(BFM)-PELAGOS', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-23 14:36:54', 0, NULL),
(335, 'PlankTOM5 is a Dynamic Dynamic Green Ocean Model that represents five Plankton Functional Types: the calcifiers, silicifiers, and mixed phytoplankton types, and the proto and meso zooplankton types. Phytoplanktonic growth is co-limited by light and the minimum of total N, Si and Fe. Currently, the different ratios of C/P/N in plankton are fixed, but the C/Fe, C/Si and C/Chl ratios are variable. This model is based on the PISCES biogeochemistry model developed by O. Aumont at the Laboratoire d''Océanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie.\r\n\r\nPlankTOM5 is a global model with one global set of parameters, but it can also be used for local and regional applications. Prognostic variables are the three dimensional tracer concentrations. Currently, there are 27 prognostic variables describing the carbon, nitrogen, silicon and iron cycles. PlankTOM5 is embedded into the OPA-ORCA general circulation model (GCM). However, it is possible to couple the PlankTOM5 to other GCMs. ', 'PlankTOM10', 0, 'OPA v9', 1, 'PlankTOM10', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:16:51', 0, NULL),
(336, 'PlankTOM5 is a Dynamic Dynamic Green Ocean Model that represents five Plankton Functional Types: the calcifiers, silicifiers, and mixed phytoplankton types, and the proto and meso zooplankton types. Phytoplanktonic growth is co-limited by light and the minimum of total N, Si and Fe. Currently, the different ratios of C/P/N in plankton are fixed, but the C/Fe, C/Si and C/Chl ratios are variable. This model is based on the PISCES biogeochemistry model developed by O. Aumont at the Laboratoire d''Océanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie.\r\n\r\nPlankTOM5 is a global model with one global set of parameters, but it can also be used for local and regional applications. Prognostic variables are the three dimensional tracer concentrations. Currently, there are 27 prognostic variables describing the carbon, nitrogen, silicon and iron cycles. PlankTOM5 is embedded into the OPA-ORCA general circulation model (GCM). However, it is possible to couple the PlankTOM5 to other GCMs. ', 'PlankTOM10', 0, 'OPA v8.2', 1, 'PlankTOM10', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'NEMO', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:16:51', 0, NULL),
(339, '', 'NPZD to PFT', 0, 'OCCAM', 2, '', 2, '', 1, 'NPZD to PFT', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-06-09 14:26:47', 0, NULL),
(340, '', 'personally developed model', 2, '', 1, 'personally developed model', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-07-12 23:49:51', 0, NULL),
(341, 'The modeller is developing OCCAM biogeochemistry as well as comparing OCCAM-PlankTOM coupled simulations with OPA-PlankTOM coupled simulations.\r\n\r\nOCCAM is a primitive equation numerical model of the global ocean. It is based on the GFDL MOM version of the Bryan-Cox-Semtner ocean model but includes a free surface and improved advection schemes. A regular longitude-latitude grid is used for the Pacific, Indian and South Atlantic Oceans. A rotated longitude-latitude grid is used for the Artic and North Atlantic Oceans, which has its poles on the equator in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. This overcomes the singularity that otherwise arises at the North Pole. A simple channel model is used to connect the two grids through the Bering Strait.\r\n\r\nThe model depths are based on the DBDB5 data set, with sill depths checked against against original surveys.\r\n\r\nThe model was started from the Levitus annual mean temperature and salinityfields. The surface forcing uses ECMWF monthly mean winds and relaxation to the Levitus seasonal surface temperature and salinity fields.\r\n\r\nThe model is run on the UK Research Councils'' multi-processor Cray-T3D operated by the University of Edinburgh. The initial model run for 12 model years will be completed by September 1996. The results are being used to understand the heat flows and movements of different water types in the ocean. They are also being used to help analyse the data from WOCE, the World Ocean Circulation Experiment.', 'OCCAM', 1, 'OCCAM', 0, 'PlankTOM5', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'OCCAM', NULL, '2007-07-13 00:03:49', 0, NULL),
(342, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-27 10:44:11', 0, NULL),
(348, 'version with spatialized output and spatialized fishing mortality', 'OSMOSE ', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 1, 'OSMOSE ', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-05-11 09:42:00', 0, NULL),
(349, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-05-10 15:20:01', 0, NULL),
(476, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-27 13:29:36', 0, NULL),
(478, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-27 13:37:57', 0, NULL),
(479, 'Ecosystem trophic structure and energy flux in the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico. \r\n M.V. Morales-Zárate, F. Arreguı, J. López-Martı n-Sánchez and S.E. Lluch-Cota nez. 2004. \r\n Ecological Modelling 174(4):331-345. ', 'Mexico, Northern Gulf of California', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(480, ' A Model of Trophic Interactions in the North Sea in 1981, The Year of the Stomach. \r\n Christensen, Villy. (in press). \r\n', 'North Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-04 14:08:11', 1, 1981),
(481, 'R. Rosado-Solorzano, Sergio A. Guzman del Proo. 1998. \r\n Ecological Modelling pp. 141-154.', 'Mexico, Veracruz, Tampamachoco lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1998),
(482, ' Sebastiano Carrer, Silvia Opitz. 1999. \r\n Ecological Modelling pp. 193-219.', 'Italy, Lagoon of Venice', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1999),
(483, ' H.J. Lina, K.T. Shaoa, S.R. Kuob, H.L. Hsieha, S.L. Wong, I.M. Chen, W.T. Lo, J.J. Hung. 1999. \r\n Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science pp. 575-588.', 'Taiwan, Southwestern Chiku', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1999),
(484, 'J.J. Heymans, D. Baird. 2000. Network analysis of the northern Benguela ecosystem by means of NETWRK and ECOPATH. Ecological Modelling pp. 97-119.', 'Southern Africa, Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2000),
(485, 'M.E. Vega-Cendejas, F. Arreguin-Sanchez. 2001. Energy fluxes in a mangrove ecosystem from a coastal lagoon in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Ecological Modelling 137:119-133. ', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Mangroves', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2001),
(486, 'M. Wolff, V. Koch and V. Isaac. 2000. A Trophic Flow Model of the Caete Mangrove Estuary (North Brazil) with Considerations for the Sustainable Use of its Resources. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 50:789-803. ', 'Brazil, Caete Mangrove Estuary', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2000),
(487, 'Francisco Arreguin-Sanchez, Enrique Arcos, Ernesto A. Chavez. 2002. Flows of biomass and structure in an exploited benthic ecosystem in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Ecological Modelling 156:167-183. ', 'Mexico, Gulf of California, benthic ecosystem', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(488, 'Sean P. Cox, Timothy E. Essington, James F. Kitchell, Steven J.D. Martell, Carl J. Walters, Christofer Boggs, and Isaac Kaplan. 2002. Reconstructing ecosystem dynamics in the central Pacific Ocean, 1952–1998. II. A preliminary assessment of the trophic impacts of fishing and effect on Tuna Dynamics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59:1736-1747. ', 'Pacific Ocean (Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(489, 'Marco Ortiz, Matthias Wolff. 2002. Trophic models of four benthic communities in Tongoy Bay (Chile): comparative analysis and preliminary assessment of management strategies. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 268:205-235. ', 'Chile, Tongoy Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002);
INSERT INTO `TAB_S2_ModelDescription` (`id_survey`, `Description`, `ModelName`, `s2phys`, `s2phys_key`, `s2bgc`, `s2bgc_key`, `s2life`, `s2life_key`, `s2eco`, `s2eco_key`, `s2fish`, `s2fish_key`, `s2benthic`, `s2benthic_key`, `s2_6environment`, `s2ref`, `registration_date`, `ecopath`, `ecopath_year`) VALUES
(490, 'Tony J. Pitcher, Eny A. Buchary, Trevor Hutton. 2002. Forecasting the benefits of no-take human-made reefs using spatial ecosystem simulation. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59:17-26. ', 'Hong Kong, Marine Special Areas', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(491, 'Janet M. Bradford-Grieve, P. Keith Probert, Scott D. Nodder, David Thompson, Julie Hall, Stuart Hanchet, Philip Boyd, John Zeldis, Allan N. Baker, Hugh A. Best, Niall Broekhuizen, Simon Childerhouse, Malcolm Clark, Mark Hadfield, Karl Safi. 2003. Pilot trophic model for subantarctic water over the Southern Plateau, New Zealand: a low biomass, high transfer efficiency system. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 289:223-262. ', 'New Zealand, Southern Plateau', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(492, 'Gribble, Neil A. 2003. GBR-prawn: modelling ecosystem impacts of changes in fisheries management of the commercial prawn (shrimp) trawl fishery in the far northern Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 65:493-506. ', 'Australia, Northern Great Barrier Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2003),
(493, 'Chris J. Harvey, Sean P. Cox, Timothy E. Essington, Sture Hansson, and James F. Kitchell. 2003. An ecosystem model of food web and fisheries interactions in the Baltic Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 60:939-950. ', 'Baltic Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2003),
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(502, 'J. Ernesto Arias-González, Enrique Nuñez-Lara, Carlos González-Salas, René Galzin. 2004. Trophic models for investigation of fishing effect on coral reef ecosystems. Ecological Modelling 172:197-212. ', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Boca Paila-Tampalam-Mah', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
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(504, 'Francisco Arreguin-Sanchez, Manuel Zetina-Rejón, Sherry Manickchand-Heileman, Mauricio Ramirez-Rodriguez, Laura Vidal. 2004. Simulated response to harvesting strategies in an exploited ecosystem in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. Ecological Modelling 172:421-432. ', 'Gulf of Mexico, Southwestern Campeche', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
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(506, 'Vittorio Ernesto Brando, Riccardo Ceccarelli, Simone Libralato, Giampiero Ravagnan. 2004. Assessment of environmental management effects in a shallow water basin using mass-balance models. Ecological Modelling 172:213-232. ', 'Italy, Orbetello Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(507, 'Luis O. Duarte, Camilo B. Garcia. 2004. Trophic role of small pelagic fishes in a tropical upwelling ecosystem. Ecological Modelling 172:323-338. ', 'Columbia, Gulf of Salamanca', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(508, 'Sherry Manickchand-Heileman, Jeremy Mendoza-Hill, Amoy Lum Kong, Freddy Arocha. 2004. A trophic model for exploring possible ecosystem impacts of fishing in the Gulf of Paria, between Venezuela and Trinidad. Ecological Modelling 172:307-322. ', 'Trinidad / Venezuela, Gulf of Paria', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(509, 'Sergio Neira, Hugo Arancibia, Luis Cubillos. 2004. Comparative analysis of trophic structure of commercial fishery species off Central Chile in 1992 and 1998. Ecological Modelling 172:233-248. ', 'Chile, Central', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(510, 'Thomas A. Okey, Stuart Banks, Abraham F. Born, Rodrigo H. Bustamante, Mónica Calvopiña, Graham J. Edgar, Eduardo Espinoza, José Miguel Fariña, Lauren E. Garske, Günther K. Recke, Sandie Salazar, Scoresby Shepherd. 2004. A trophic model of a Galápagos subtidal rocky reef for evaluating fisheries and conservation strategies. Ecological Modelling 172:383-401. ', 'Galapagos Archipelago', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
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(512, 'John. K. Pinnegar, Nicholas V.C. Polunin. 2004. Predicting indirect effects of fishing in Mediterranean rocky littoral communities using a dynamic simulation model. Ecological Modelling 172:249-267.', 'Mediterranean, Corsica, Bay of Calvi', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(513, 'Francisco Sánchez, Ignacio Olaso. 2004. Effects of fisheries on the Cantabrian Sea shelf ecosystem. Ecological Modelling 172:151-174.', 'Spain, Cantabrian Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
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(519, 'T. Okey, D. Pauly. 1999. A Trophic Mass Balance Model of Alaska''s Prince William Sound Ecosystem for the Post-Spill Period 1994-1996, 2nd Edition. In Fisheries Centre Research Reports. University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Vol 7(4) pp. 146 ', 'USA, Alaska, Prince William Sound', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1999),
(520, 'A. Trites, P. Livingston, S. Mackinson, M. Vasconcellos, A. Springer, D. Pauly. 1999. Ecosystem Change and the Decline of Marine Mammals in the Eastern Bering Sea: Testing the Ecosystem Shift and the Commercial Whaling Hypothesis. In Fisheries Centre Research Reports. University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Vol 7(1) pp. 107 ', 'Alaska, Bering Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1999),
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(529, 'Robert R. Christian, Joseph J. Luczkovich. 1994. Foodweb Structure of the Seagrass Community of St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge in Winter Through Network Analysis. Biology Department, East Carolina University, Greenville. ', 'United States, Florida, St. Marks Wildlife Refuge', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1994),
(530, 'R. Angelini, M. Petrere Jr. 1996. The Ecosystem of Broa Reservoir, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, as Described Using Ecopath. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly, Fishbyte Section 19(2):36-41. ', 'Brazil, Sao Paulo State, Broa Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1996),
(531, 'S. Manickchand-Heileman, F. Arreguin-Sanchez, A. Lara-Dominguez, L.A. Soto. 1998. Energy Flow and Network Analysis of Terminos Lagoon, SW Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Fish Biology 53:179-197.', 'Mexico, Terminos Lagoon (Gulf of Mexico)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1998),
(532, 'L. Tong, Q. Tang, D. Pauly. (in press). Preliminary Mass-balance Ecopath Model in the Bohai Sea. ', 'China, Bohai Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 0),
(533, 'Matthias Wolff, Jaun B. Chavarria, Volker Koch, Jose A. Vargas. (in press). A Trophic Flow Model of the Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. ', 'Costa Rica, Golfo de Nicoya', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 0),
(534, 'Chan, H.C. Liew and E.H. (1987). Ecopath Model of a Tropical Shallow-Water Community in Malaysia. Fisheries and Marine Science Centre, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Kuala Terengganu. pp. 32 ', 'Malaysia, Terengganu', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1987),
(535, 'Natoumbi Mendy, Asberr. 1999. Trophic Modelling as a Tool to Evaluate and Manage Iceland''s Multispecies Fisheries. In Fisheries Training Programme. United Nations University, Reykjavik. pp. 26 ', 'Iceland', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1999),
(536, 'Pauly, D. 2002. Spatial Modelling of Trophic Interactions and Fisheries Impacts in Coastal Ecosystems: A Case Study of Sakumo Lagoon, Ghana. In P. Cury, K.A. Korateng and N.J. Hardman-Mountford J.M. McGlade (Eds), The Gulf of Guinea Large Marine Ecosystem. Elsevier Science. pp. 289-295.', 'Ghana, Sakumo Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(537, 'T. Chookajorn, Y. Leenanond, J. Moreau, S. Sricharoendham. 1994. Evolution of Trophic Relationships in Ubolratana Reservoir (Thailand) as Described Using a Multispecies Trophic Model. Asian Fisheries Science 7:201-213. ', 'Thailand, Ubolratana Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1994),
(538, 'Alida Bundy, Daniel Pauly. 2001. Selective harvesting by small-scale fisheries: ecosystem analysis of San Miguel Bay, Philippines. Fisheries Research 53:263-281. ', 'Philippines, San Miguel Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2001),
(539, 'Teresa Moreno, Jose Juan Castro. 1998. Trophic Structure of the Maspalomas Lagoon (Gran Canaria, Canary Islands), a Regenerated Ecosystem of Brackish Water. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal S5:245-261. ', 'Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Maspalomas Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1998),
(540, 'A. Jarre-Teichman, T. Brey, U.V. Bathmann, C. Dahm, G.S. Dieckmann, M. Gorny, M. Klages, F. Pages, J. Plotz, S.B. Schnack-Schiel, M. Stiller, W.E. Arntz. 1997. Trophic Flows in the benthic shelf community of the eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. In J. Valencia, and D.W.H. Walton B. Battaglia (Eds), Antarctic communities: species, structure and survival. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 118-134. ', 'Antarctica, Eastern Weddell Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1997),
(541, 'J.M. Venier, D. Pauly. 1997. Trophic Dynamics of a Florida Keys Coral Reef Ecosystem. In Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. 1:915-920. ', 'USA, Florida, Looe Key', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1997),
(542, 'Gribble, Neil A. 2001. A Model of the Ecosystem, and Associated Penaeid Prawn Community, in the Far Northern Great Barrier Reef. In Eric Wolanski (Ed.), Oceanographic Processes of Coral Reefs: Physical and Biological Links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press. pp. 189-207. ', 'Australia, Great Barrier Reef (Far Northern)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2001),
(543, 'Arreguin-Sanchez, F. and S. Manickchand-Heileman. 1998. The trophic role of lutjanid fish and impacts of their fisheries in two ecosystems in the Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Fish Biology 53:143-153. ', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, North Continental Shelf of', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1998),
(544, 'K.Y. Aydin, V.V. Lapko, V.I. Radchenko, P.A. Livingston. 2002. A Comparison of the Eastern Bering and Western Bering Sea Shelf and Slope Ecosystems Through the Use of Mass-Balance Food Web Models. In NOAA Technical Memorandum. U.S. Department of Commerce. pp. 78 ', 'USA, Alaska, Bering Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(545, 'Wolff, M., H.J. Hartmann and V. Koch. 1996. A pilot trophic model for Golfo Dulce, a fjord-like tropical embayment, Costa Rica. Revista De Biologia Tropical 44(Supp3):215-231. ', 'Costa Rica, Golfo Dulce', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1996),
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(547, 'From a thesis by Emma Lee Bredesen, "Krill and the Antarctic: Finding the Balance"', 'South Georgia / South Orkney Islands', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1999),
(548, 'From a thesis by James Dixon Hagy III, "Eutrophication, Hypoxia and Trophic Transfer Efficiency in Chesapeake Bay"', 'United States. Chesapeake Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(549, 'Anggraini Buchary, Eny. 2001. Preliminary Reconstruction of the Icelandic Marine Ecosystem in 1950 and some Predictions with Time Series Data. In Fisheries impacts on North Atlantic ecosystems: Models and analyses. FCRR. 4:296-206.', 'Iceland 1950', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2001),
(550, 'From a thesis by Mario R. Delos Reyes, "Geology of Laguna de Bay, Philippines: Long-Term Alterations of a Tropical-Aquatic Ecosystem"', 'Philippines, Laguna de Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1995),
(551, 'From A Thesis by Catherine M. Bulman, "Trophic Ecology and Food Web Modelling of Mid-Slope Demersal Fishes off Southern Tasmania, Australia"', 'Australia, Southern Tasmania', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2001),
(552, 'From a thesis by Anne Johanne Tang Dalsgaard, "Modeling the Trophic Transfer of Beta Radioactivity in the Marine Food Web of Enewetak Atoll, Micronesia"', 'Micronesia, Enewetak Atoll', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1995),
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(554, 'From a thesis by Paul Damien Tudman, "Modelling the trophic effects of fishing on a mid-shelf coral reef of the central Great Barrier Reef"', 'Australia, Great Barrier Reef, Rib Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2001),
(555, 'L. J. Shannon, V. Christensen and C. J. Walters. 2004. Modelling Stock Dynamics In The Southern Benguela Ecosystem for the Period 1978-2002. African Journal of Marine Science 26:179-196. ', 'South Africa, Southern Benguela (1978-2002)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
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(557, 'G. Silvestre, S. Selvanathan, A.H.M. Salleh. 1993. Preliminary Trophic Model of the Coastal Fisheries Resources of Brunei Darussalam, South China Sea. In D. Pauly V. Christensen (Ed.), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 300-306. ', 'Brunei, Darussalam', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(558, 'E.A. Chavez, M. Garduno, F. Arreguin-Sanchez. 1993. Trophic Dynamic Structure of Celestun Lagoon, Southern Gulf of Mexico. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 186-192. ', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Celestun Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(559, 'M.L. Palomares, P. Reyes-Marchant, N. Lair, M. Zainure, G. Barnabe, G. Lasserre. 1993. A Trophic Model of a Mediterranean Lagoon, Etang de Thau, France. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 224-229. ', 'France, Etang de Thau', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(560, 'M.L. Palomares, B. Yulianto, L. Puy, D. Bengen, A. Belaud. 1993. A Preliminary Model of the Garonne River (Toulouse, France) Ecosystem in the Spring. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 172-179. ', 'France, Toulouse, Garonne River', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(561, 'A.D. Buijse, M.R. Van Eerden, W. Dekker, W.L.T. Van Densen. 1993. Elements of a Trophic Model for IJsselmeer (The Netherlands), a Shallow Eutrophic Lake. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 90-94. ', 'Netherlands, IJsselmeer Lake', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(562, 'P. Reyes-Marchant, J.L. Jamet, N. Lair, H. Taleb, M.L.D. Palomares. 1993. A Preliminary Model of a Eutrophic Lake (Lake Aydat, France). In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 95-101. ', 'France, Lake Aydat', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(563, 'M.L.D. Palomares, K. Horton, J. Moreau. 1993. An Ecopath II Model of the Lake Chad System. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 153-158. ', 'West Africa, Lake Chad', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(564, 'J. Moreau, V. Christensen, D. Pauly. 1993. A Trophic Ecosystem Model of Lake George, Uganda. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 124-129. ', 'Uganda, Lake George', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(565, 'C. Machena, J. Kolding, R.A. Sanyanga. 1992. Preliminary Assessment of the Trophic Structure of Lake Kariba, Africa. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 130-137. ', 'Zimbabwe, Lake Kariba', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1992),
(566, 'P.D. Walline, S. Pisanty, M. Gophen, T. Berman. 1993. The Ecosystem of Lake Kinneret, Israel. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Tophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 103-109. ', 'Israel, Lake Kinneret', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(567, 'Degnbol, P. 1993. The Pelagic Zone of Central Lake Malawi - A Trophic Box Model. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 110-115.', 'Malawi, Lake Malawi', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(568, 'E. Halfon, N. Schito. 1993. Lake Ontario Food Web, an Energetic Mass Balance. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 29-39. ', 'Canada, Lake Ontario', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(569, 'J. Moreau, B. Nyakageni, M. Pearce, P.Petit. 1993. Trophic Relationships in the Pelagic Zone of Lake Tanganyika (Burundi Sector). In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 138-143. ', 'Burundi, Lake Tanganyika', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(570, 'Kolding, J. 1993. Trophic Interrelationships and Community Structure at Two Different Periods of Lake Turkana, Kenya: a Coparison Using the Ecopath II Box Model. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 116-123. ', 'Kenya, Lake Turkana', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(571, 'J. Moreau, W. Ligtvoet, M.L.D. Palomares. 1993. Trophic Relationship in the Fish Community of Lake Victoria, Kenya, with Emphasis on the Impact of Nile Perch (Lates niloticus). In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 144-152. ', 'Kenya, Lake Victoria', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(572, 'De La Cruz-Aguero, G. 1993. A Preliminary Model of Mandinga Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 193-196. ', 'Mexico, Veracruz, Mandinga Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(573, 'R. De Paula E Silva, M.I. Sousa, A.M. Caramelo. 1993. The Maputo Bay Ecosystem (Mozambique). In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 214-223. ', 'Mozambique, Maputo Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(574, 'R.A. Olivieri, A. Cohen, F.P. Chavez. 1993. An Ecosystem Model of Monterey Bay, California. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 315-322. ', 'United States, California, Monterey Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(575, 'K. Ruddle, V. Christensen. 1993. An Energy Flow Model of the Mulberry Dike-Carp Pond Farming System of the Zhujiang Delta, Guangdong Province, China. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 48-55. ', 'China, Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Delta', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(576, 'Mendoza, J.J. 1993. A Preliminary Biomass Budget for the Northeastern Venezuela Shelf Ecosystem. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 285-297. ', 'Venezuela, Northeastern Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(577, 'Mathews, C.P. 1993. Productivity and Energy Flows at All Trophic Levels in the River Thames, England: Mark 2. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 161-171. ', 'England, River Thames', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(578, 'R. Santhanam, A. Srinivasan, M. Devaraj. 1993. Trophic Model of an Estuarine Ecosystem at the Southeast Coast of India. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 230-233.', 'India, Pullavali Brackishwater', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(579, 'Aravindan, C.M. 1993. Preliminary Trophic Model of Veli Lake, Southern India. In V. Christensen and D. Pauly (Eds), Trophic Models of Aquatic Ecosysytems. ICLARM, Manila. pp. 87-89. ', 'India, Veli Lake', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1993),
(580, 'Lobry, Jeremy. 2004. “Which reference pattern of functioning for estuarine ecosystems?” The case of fish successions in the Gironde estuary. French Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering Research, Castas, France.', 'France, Gironde Estuary', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(581, ' Fetahi, Tadesse. (submitted). Trophic analysis of Lake Awassa using mass-balance Ecopath model. In Department of Biology. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa. 110 pages', 'Ethiopia, Lake Awassa', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(582, 'Harvey, C.j., Kareiva, P.M. 2005. Community context and the influence of non-indigenous species on juvenile salmon survival in a Columbia River reservoir. Biological Invasions Vol 7 pp. 651–663', 'USA, Columbia River', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(583, 'Daniel Pauly and Villy Christensen. 1996. Mass-Balance Model of Alaska Gyre. In J. Purcell, M. Arai, A. Jarre-Teichmann, L. Huato, J. Purcell, P. Livingston, A. Trites and K. Heise, J. Kelson,. Y. Wada and S. Speckmann, R. Buckworth, C. Walters, J.J. Polovina, Fisheries Centre Research Reports. Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Vol 4(1)', 'Alaska, Alaska Gyre', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1996),
(584, 'F. Pranovi, S. Libralato, S. Raicevich, A. Granzotto, R. Pastres, O. Giovanardi. 2003. Mechanical clam dredging in Venice lagoon: ecosystem effects evaluated with a trophic mass-balance model. In Marine Biology. Springer-Verlag. 143:393-403.', 'Italy, Venice Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2003),
(585, ' \r\nLibralato, Simone, Roberto Pastres, Fabio Pranovi, S. Raicevich, Angela Granzotto, Otello Giovanardi and Patrizia Torricelli. (published). Comparison between the energy flow networks of two habitats in the Venice Lagoon. In Marine Ecology. Blackwell Verlag, Berlin. 23:1-9. ', 'Italy, Venice Lagoon (energy flow)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(586, 'Sylvie Guénette and Villy Christensen (eds). 2005. Food web models and data for studying fisheries and environmental impacts on Eastern Pacific ecosystems, Fisheries Centre Research Reports 13(1): 237pp', 'Pacific (Eastern)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2005),
(587, 'Anne K. Salomon, Nigel P. Waller, Cariad McIlhagga, Regina L. Yung and Carl Walters. 2002. Modeling the trophic effects of marine protected area zoning policies: A case study. Aquatic Ecology 36:82-95.', 'Canada, Gwaii Haanas', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(588, 'Booth and Dirk Zeller, Shawn. 2005. Mercury, Food Webs, and Marine Mammals: Implications of Diet and Climate Change for Human Health. In Environmental Health Perspectives. 113(5):521-526.', 'Faroe Islands (Denmark)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2005),
(589, 'Pitcher, T., Buchary, E. and Trujillo, P. 2002. Spatial Simulations of Hong Kong''s Marine Ecosystem: Ecological and Economic Forecasting of Marine Protected Areas With Human-Made Reefs. In FCRR. University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Vol 10 pp. 168', 'Hong Kong, China 1990', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2002),
(590, 'Kerim Y. Aydin, Gordon A. McFarlane, Jacquelynne R. King and Bernard A. Megrey. 2003. The BASS/MODEL Report on Trophic Models of the Subarctic Pacific Basin Ecosystems. North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), Sidney, B.C., Canada. pp. 93 ', 'Pacific Basin, (Subartic)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2003),
(591, 'Jarre-Teichmann, Astrid. 1995. Seasonal Mass-Balance Models of Carbon Flow in the Central Baltic Sea with Emphasis on the Upper Trophic Levels. Institute of Marine Science, Department of Fisheries Biology, Kiel.', 'Baltic Sea (Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1995),
(592, 'J. Moreau, M.C. Villanueva, U.S. Amarasinghe, F. Schiemer. 2001. Trophic Relationships and Possible Evolution of the Production under Various Fisheries Management Strategies in a Sri Lankan Reservoir. In S.S. De Silva (Ed.), Reservoir and Culture-Based Fisheries: Biology and Management. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. Vol no 98 ', 'Sri Lanka, Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2001),
(593, 'Robert J. Olson, George M. Watters. 2003. A Model of the Pelagic Ecosystem in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean. In Bulletin. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, California. Vol 22 pp. 90', 'Pacific Ocean (Eastern Tropical)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2003),
(594, 'Opitz, Silvia. 1996. Trophic Interactions in Caribbean Coral Reefs. ICLARM Tech. Vol 43 pp. 341', 'Caribbean Sea (Coral reefs)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1996),
(595, 'Yves-Marie Bozec, Didier Gascuel and Michel Kulbicki. 2004. Trophic model of lagoonal communities in a large open atoll (Uvea, Loyalty islands, New Caledonia). Aquatc Living Resoure 17:151-162.', 'New Caledonia (coral reef lagoon)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(596, 'J. E. Arias-Gonzalez, B. Delesalle, B. Salvat, R. Galzin. 1997. Trophic functioning of the Tiahura reef sector, Moorea Island, French Polynesia. Coral Reefs 16:231-246.', 'French Polynesia (Moorea Island)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1997),
(597, 'J. E. Arias-Gonzalez, B. Delesalle, B. Salvat, R. Galzin. 1998. Trophic models of protected and unprotected coral reef ecosystems in the South of the Mexican Caribbean. Journal of Fish Biology 53:236-255.', 'Mexico, South Caribbean', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1998),
(598, 'Telles, Marcelo D. 1998. Modelo trofodinamico dos recifes em franja do parque nacional marinho dos abrolhos - bahia. In Mestre em Oceanografia Biologica. Fundacao Universidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande. 150 pages ', 'Brasil, Abrolhos', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 1998),
(599, 'Coll, M., Shannon L., Moloney C., Palomera I., Tudela S., Comparing trophic flows and fishing impacts of a Mediterranean ecosystem with coastal upwellings, in press', 'Mediterranean (Upwellings)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 0),
(600, 'Coll, M., Palomera I., Tudela, S., Sarda, F., Assessing the impact of fishing and environment on a Northwestern Mediterranean ecosystem for the period 1978-2003, in press', 'Mediterranean (NorthWest 1978-2003)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:27:03', 1, 0),
(601, 'Coll, M., Santojanni, A., Arneri, E., Palomera, I., An ecosystem model of the northern and central Adriatic Sea, in press', 'Adriatic Sea (North and Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 0),
(602, 'Zucchetta M., Libralato S., Granzotto A., Pranovi F., Raicevich S., Torricelli P., 2003. Modelling approach for the evaluation of the efficacy of MPA in the Northern Adriatic Sea. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment, MEDCOAST 03, E. Özhan (Editor), 7-11 October 2003, Ravenna, Italy: 433-443.', 'Italy, North Adriatic Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2003),
(603, 'Hsing-Juh Lin, Kwang-Tsao Shao, Jiang-Shiou Hwang, Wen-Tseng Lo, I-Jiunn Cheng, and Lih-Huwa Lee. 2004. A Trophic Model for Kuosheng Bay in Northern Taiwan. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 12(5):424-432.', 'Taiwan, Kuosheng Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-04-28 15:19:38', 1, 2004),
(607, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:55:15', 0, NULL),
(612, '', 'GETM, ROMS', 1, 'GETM, ROMS', 0, 'To be determined', 2, '', 0, 'To be determined', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-05-10 15:30:59', 0, NULL),
(614, '', 'MIPOM-BIO', 2, '', 1, 'MIPOM-BIO', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-05-24 14:25:26', 0, NULL),
(616, 'The mass-balance approach incorporated in the Ecopath software has been widely used for constructing food-web models of marine and other ecosystems. Generalizations on the structure and functioning of such ecosystems, relevant to the issue of fisheries impacts, have been developed and these have a?ected the evolution of the Ecopath approach. Thus, the description of the average state of an ecosystem, using Ecopath proper, now serves to parametrize systems of coupled di?erence and di?erential equations, which are used to depict changes in biomasses and trophic interactions in time (Ecosim) and space (Ecospace).\r\n\r\nAn exploited ecosystem from the continental shelf and upper slope of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea was described by means of an Ecopath mass-balance model with the aim of characterising its functioning and structure and describing the ecosystem impacts of fishing. This application included some complexities added to the general modelling methodology due to the high biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea and the multispecific nature of the fishery, and to the difficulties of working with fishing data which are usually irregularly or imprecisely collected. \r\n\r\nThis simulation with Ecopath is for an exploited ecosystem from the continental shelf and upper slope of the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea and has 40 functional groups including primary producers, the main species of benthic, demersal and pelagic invertebrates, fishes and non-fish vertebrates and three detritus groups. In addition, trawling, purse seine, longline and troll bait fishing fleets were included.\r\n\r\nFor results see pdfs below.', 'Ecopath with Ecosim', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 1, 'Ecopath with Ecosim', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:55:15', 0, NULL),
(617, 'Plymouth Marine Lab has been coupling ERSEM to POM, GOTM and POLCOMS hydrodynamic models for nearly 15 years, and all the 3D applications of ERSEM (and it variants) are derived form this work. \r\n\r\nERSEM-2004 is developed from the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM II) but with the addition of variable carbon to chlorophyll ratios, coupling of bacterial production to nutrient availability, improved resolution of the organic particulate and dissolved fractions and developments to the mesozooplankton description. \r\n\r\nERSEM-2004 is shown to be a robust model that is capable of representing a range of systems commonly described in the marine system. Consequently, the model is proposed as a potential basis for an ecosystem-based management tool that may, with appropriate physical representation, be applied over large geographic and temporal scales with utility to both heuristic and predictive studies of the marine lower trophic levels. (Blackford et al., 2004)', 'ERSEM 2004', 0, '3D POLCOMS v6.2; 1D GOTM', 1, 'ERSEM 2004', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 0, 'ERSEM 2004', 'MPI and F90', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:08:47', 0, NULL),
(618, 'The model ECOHAM1 is a computer model (Moll, 1997) which can be used to calculate annual and long-term phytoplankton dynamics for shelf seas in a three-dimensional physical environment. The ecosystem model is coupled to hydrodynamics model developed by Pohlmann (1996). The horizontal grid size of the numerical model is 20x20 square kilometer, the vertical resolution is 5 m for the upper 50 m and increasing layer thickness below 50 m up to maximal 19 layers.\r\n\r\nECOHAM has state variables for the nutrients phosphate (dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP)) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phytoplankton (chlorophyll), and detritus at the bottom. Copepods (zooplankton) were prescribed by observations. Pelagic detritus and dissolved organic phosphorus in the water column were indirectly used. Primary production is limited in the model by solar radiation, the triggering nutrient and zooplankton grazing due to prescribed monthly mean copepod biomass. DIP and DIN regeneration occured in the pelagic and through a simple parameterization at the bottom via a benthic detritus pool.\r\n\r\nApplications of ECOHAM1 exist for the North Sea (Moll, 1998) and the Bohai Sea (Wei et al., 2003). An extensive overview on biogeochemical/ecological modelling in the North Sea was provided by Moll and Radach (2001), Moll and Radach (2003 and Radach and Moll (2006 - Review of three-dimensional ecological modelling related to the North Sea shelf system. Part II: Model validation and data needs. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 44: 1-60).\r\n\r\n', 'ECOHAM v1', 0, 'Pohlmann 1996', 1, 'ECOHAM v1', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'Fortran77', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:55:15', 0, NULL),
(621, 'COHERENS constitutes of the following four modules:\r\n- A physical part with a circulation module and a general module for solving advection-diffusion equations.\r\n- A microplankton module.\r\n- An Eulerian sediment module.\r\n- A component with both an Eulerian and a Lagrangian transport model for contaminant distributions\r\n\r\nin a Cartesian or spherical grid. The mode-splitting technique is used to solve the 2-D and 3-D momentum equations and continuity equations as in the Princeton Ocean Model. Water-column biology and nutrient cycling are described by a microplankton-detritus module with associated optical equations which take account of light attenuation by all organic and inorganic particulates.\r\n\r\nThe transport module is Eulerian but a second module is Lagrangian type using passive tracers. Vertical and horizontal diffusion of suspended particles is determined by a random walk method.', 'COHERENS', 0, 'COHERENS', 1, 'COHERENS', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 'Fortran 77', NULL, '2006-12-11 14:11:29', 0, NULL),
(622, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:55:15', 0, NULL),
(623, '', 'SEAPODYM', 0, 'OPA-ORCA-LIM', 0, 'PISCES', 2, '', 2, '', 1, 'SEAPODYM', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:10:41', 0, NULL),
(624, 'A physical-biological model for the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) and Scotian Shelf (SS) by coupling a stage-based life-history model of the planktonic copepod Calanus finmarchicus to a three-dimensional ocean circulation model CANDIE 3D.\r\n\r\nCalanus finmarchicus is a dominant zooplankton species in the North Atlantic Ocean and is an important prey for early life stages of several commercially\r\nimportant fish stocks, mainly cod and redfish.\r\n\r\nThe life-history model consists of 13 morphologically distinct life stages of C. finmarchicus, with stagespecific and temperature-dependent molting rates. The model also includes stage-specific vertical distribution and seasonally varying diapause, egg production, and stage-specific mortality rates and and reasonably describes the observed abundance and distribution of C. finmarchicus in the GSL and SS. \r\n\r\nWhile this approach is less efficient in describing individual growth than individual-based models used in other studies of copepod population dynamics it does allow easier quantitative description of exchange between sub-populations\r\nat regional scale.\r\n', 'Calanus Life History', 0, 'CANDIE 3D', 2, '', 1, 'Calanus Life History', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-11 15:06:19', 0, NULL),
(626, 'A coupled hydrodynamic–trophodynamic individual-based model of drift and feeding was utilized to analyze the intra- and inter-annual variability in growth and survival of cod and sprat larvae in the central Baltic Sea. Highly temporally and spatially resolved simulated flow fields were used to investigate the potential drift of larvae from the centre of spawning effort in the Bornholm Basin towards their nursery areas through temporally resolved three-dimensional idealized prey fields. Stomach content analyses of larval cod from the Bornholm Basin revealed calanoid copepod nauplii and early copepodite stages to be the preferred prey organisms. The results of the model runs indicate that larval cod changed from a nonlimited to a food-limited stage because of the strong decrease in abundance of the calanoid copepod Pseudocalanus elongatus during the last two decades. The modeling study revealed retention and dispersal from the main spawning ground to be a key process influencing larval survival. When P. elongatus was available in the prey fields, high cod larval survival rates occurred in spring and early summer. In contrast, when P. elongatus was not available, hatched larvae had only high survival probabilities later in the year or if they were transported into shallower coastal regions.\r\n\r\nHydrodynamic model: Lehmann, A. 1995. A three-dimensional baroclinic eddy-resolving model of the Baltic Sea. Tellus 47A, 1013-1031', 'IBM Fish Life History', 0, 'Bryan-Cox-Semtner ', 2, '', 1, 'IBM Fish Life History', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-10-17 11:59:46', 0, NULL),
(634, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-06-13 10:20:14', 0, NULL),
(635, 'describe briefly model hypothesis, formalism and approach', 'NULL', 2, '', 0, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-06-13 10:35:37', 0, NULL),
(636, 'describe briefly model hypothesis, formalism and approach', 'NCAR', 0, '', 1, 'NCAR', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-07-04 15:52:57', 0, NULL),
(637, '', 'ERGOM', 0, 'MOM31', 1, 'ERGOM', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2006-09-20 16:10:41', 0, NULL);
INSERT INTO `TAB_S2_ModelDescription` (`id_survey`, `Description`, `ModelName`, `s2phys`, `s2phys_key`, `s2bgc`, `s2bgc_key`, `s2life`, `s2life_key`, `s2eco`, `s2eco_key`, `s2fish`, `s2fish_key`, `s2benthic`, `s2benthic_key`, `s2_6environment`, `s2ref`, `registration_date`, `ecopath`, `ecopath_year`) VALUES
(638, 'ECOSMO is a 3-d coupled hydrodynamic-sea ice-biogeochemical model. The model is formulated for c-grid as z-level model with free surface. \r\nThe coupled physical-biological ecosystem model ECOSMO (ECOSystem MOdel) is a further development of the hydrodynamic model HAMSOM (HAMburg Shelf Ocean Model) which has been coupled to a dynamic-thermodynamic sea-ice module (Schrum and Backhaus, 1999), and to a biological module (Schrum et al., 2006). The biological module is based on the transfer of carbon between the first and second trophic level as driven by biologically available nitrogen, phosphorus and silica fluxes. Key in the ECOSMO model formulation was the incorporation of the major limiting macro nutrient cycles and zooplankton as prognostic model variable to allow for non-linear interaction within the biological system for the first and second trophic levels. Additionally, explicitly calculated variables include detritus and oxygen, to allow for consideration of remineralization and oxidation processes. The first and second trophic levels are simulated using 2 functional plankton groups to represent phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass. The two phytoplankton groups represented in the model are parameterised using vital rates similar to diatoms and flagellates, with their production contributing to the production of 2 functional zooplankton classes, micro- and meso-zooplankton.\r\n\r\nSchrum, C and Backhaus, JO, 1999. Sensitivity of atmosphere-ocean heat exchange and heat content in North Sea and Baltic Sea. A comparative Assessment. Tellus 51 A, pp. 526-549. \r\n\r\nSchrum, C, Alekseeva, I, St. John, M, 2006. Development of a coupled physical-biological ecosystem model ECOSM PartI: Model description and validation for the North Sea. Journal of Marine Systems. Doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.01.005', 'ECOSMO', 0, 'HAMSOM', 1, 'ECOSMO', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-07-12 11:43:48', 0, NULL),
(639, 'This Java piece of software is a collaborative work between Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD, teams R079 GEODES and R097 ECO-UP) from France, University of Cape Town (UCT) and Marine & Coastal Management (MCM) from South Africa, and Instituto del Mar del Peru (IMARPE) from Peru.\r\n\r\nThe tool has been developed to study how physical factors (e.g., currents, water temperature) and biological factors (e.g., egg buoyancy, larva growth) affect the dynamics of fish eggs and larvae. It uses velocity, temperature and salinity three-dimensional fields archived from simulations of the Regional Oceanic Modelling System (ROMS). A version of this IBM can interface with ROMS-Bio (E. Machu) that provide phytoplankton and zooplankton distribution fields on which the virtual larvae feed.\r\n\r\nThe tool offers two functioning modes. The first one allows a visualisation of the transport of virtual eggs and larvae in a user-friendly graphic interface. The second mode enables to run series of simulations based on different pre-defined sets of parameters and produces output files where the numbers of individuals transported from pre-defined release (spawning) areas to pre-defined destination (recruitment) areas are recorded.', 'ICHTYOP (IBM)', 0, 'ROMS or CCSR COCO 3.4', 1, 'NEMURO', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-01-30 12:30:17', 0, NULL),
(648, 'The growth of an individual herring is followed daily as the difference between consumption and the losses due to respiration, specific dynamic action, egestion, excretion, and reproductive output. Formulas and parameters for the individual components in the bioenergetics model follow the terminology and symbols used in the Wisconsin bioenergetics models (Hanson et al., 1997). For some processes, we use formulations and parameter values specific to age-0 (youngof-the-year), age-1, and age-2+ (age-2 and older) herring. Bioenergetics models have been widely applied to freshwater and marine fish species (Ney, 1990, 1993; Hanson et al., 1997). Most model formulation and parameters for Pacific herring followed the approach used by Rudstam (1988) for Atlantic herring (C. harengus). \r\n\r\nThe bioenergetics NEMURO.FISH model is dynamically coupled to the biogeochemical 12-state-variable, nitrogen-based NEMURO model (see description in MoST database). The bioenergetics and NEMURO models are solved simultaneously. Zooplankton prey groups determine the consumption term of the fish bioenergetics model, and are, in turn, reduced by the amount eaten by the herring. Herring excretion is added to the ammonium pool of NEMURO, and herring egestion waste is added to the PON pool. NEMURO represents time in units of s, while the fish model operates on daily rates. Linkages between the NEMURO and fish models therefore involved fish models rates expressed as annual or daily rates being converted into rates expressed in s for the NEMURO.FISH system of differential equations. All differential equations were solved using a fourth-order Runge–Kutta numerical integration routine using a time step of 1 d. ', 'NEMURO.FISH', 0, 'CCSR COCO 3.4', 0, 'NEMURO', 2, '', 2, '', 1, 'NEMURO.FISH', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-02-06 17:04:33', 0, NULL),
(651, '', 'NULL', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:42', 0, NULL),
(652, 'Using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, a trophic structure model of the Northern Gulf of California was constructed to represent the main biomass flows in the system. It was based mostly on bibliographic data and provides a snapshot of how the ecosystem operates. The model consisted of 29 functional groups. The total system throughput was 6633 tonnes/km2 per year, from which 51.7% are for internal consumption, 20.0% are for respiration, 16.0% becomes detritus, and 12.2% are removed through commercial fishing. Main results show that most groups were impacted more by predation and competition than by fishing pressure, and that there are some characteristics that indicate that use of the ecosystem is balanced.', 'Mexico, Northern Gulf of California', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(653, 'This paper gives an overview of the trophic interactions in the North Sea in 1981 when 55,000 fish stomachs were sampled and analyzed. The study is based on the data base of the ICES Multispecies Assessment Working Group (MS WG), and published information. The results indicate that the food consumption rates used by the MS WG for three of the important gadoid species are unrealistically low, whereas other\r\nparameters appear very reasonable. Results from mixed trophic impact analysis, trophic aggregation, and other network analyses are presented, and the results are compared with earlier studies of the North Sea food web.', 'North Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1981),
(654, 'A preliminary quantitative model of the trophic structure in Tampamachoco lagoon was obtained using EcopathII and data from relevant studies to date in the area. This is a detritus-based ecosystem. The most important first-level consumers are meiofauna, followed by zooplankton, white mullet, and oysters. ', 'Mexico, Veracruz, Tampamachoco lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1998),
(655, 'A network model of trophic interactions within Palude della Rosa, a shallow water area in the northern part of the Lagoon of Venice, was developed with the objective to coherently quantify state variables as well as matter and energy flows between system components. Structure of flows and their distribution within and between trophic levels were analysed by aggregating single flows into combined flows for discrete trophic levels.', 'Italy, Lagoon of Venice', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1999),
(656, 'Using the ECOPATH 3.0 software system, a balanced trophic model of a sandy barrier lagoon with intensive fishery activities at Chiku in tropical Taiwan was constructed.', 'Taiwan, Southwestern Chiku', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1999),
(657, 'Two software packages are available to analyze ecosystems and to compute ecosystem variables: NETWRK 4.2a and ECOPATH 4.0. A flow model of the northern Benguela ecosystem was used to compare the outputs from these two packages. The northern Benguela ecosystem is a sub-system of the Benguela upwelling ecosystem off the coast of Southern Africa.', 'Southern Africa, Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2000),
(658, 'Energy fluxes in a mangrove ecosystem were evaluated with Ecopath model through a predator:prey matrix with 19 functional groups including primary producers and three levels of carnivores. Some input data (biomass of the fish groups, zooplankton and benthic communities) were obtained from the field and by stomach content analysis of dominant fish species (32) while others were taken from previous studies.', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Mangroves', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2001),
(659, 'The Caete Estuary lies within the worldÂ’s second largest mangrove region, 200 km south-east of the Amazon delta. It has an extension of about 220 km2 and is subjected to a considerable human impact through intensive harvest of mangrove crabs (Ucides cordatus) and logging of mangroves.', 'Brazil, Caete Mangrove Estuary', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2000),
(660, 'We constructed a mass-balanced model of a benthic ecosystem exploited by shrimp trawlers in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The model is based on the software ECOPATH with ECOSIM Version 4a, which takes into account the contribution of functional groups to bycatch. The model represents the state of the ecosystem in 1978/79, and reflects the exploitation rate of shrimp at that time.', 'Mexico, Gulf of California, benthic ecosystem', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(661, 'Pelagic fisheries in the Pacific Ocean target both large (Thunnus spp.) and small tunas (juveniles of Thunnus spp; Katsuwonus pelamis) but also take billfishes (Xiphias gladius, Makaira spp., Tetrapturus spp., Istiophorus\r\nplatypterus) and sharks (Prionace glauca, Alopias superciliosus, Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus longimanus, Galeocerdo cuvieri) as bycatch. We developed a multispecies model using the Ecopath with Ecosim software that incorporated time-series estimates of biomass, fishing mortality, and bycatch rates (1952–1998) to evaluate the relative contributions of fishing and trophic impacts on tuna dynamics in the central Pacific (0°N to 40°N and 130°E to 150°W).', 'Pacific Ocean (Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(662, 'Steady-state trophic flow models of four benthic communities (seagrass, sand–gravel, sand and mud habitats) were constructed for a subtidal area in Tongoy Bay (Chile). Information of biomass, catches, food spectrum and dynamics of the commercial and non-commercial populations was used.', 'Chile, Tongoy Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(663, 'To forecast resource and fishery responses to artificial reefs deployed within no-take marine protected areas, we discuss an application of Ecospace, a policy evaluation tool based on spatially explicit simulation of ecosystem dynamics. We analyse a recent initiative to establish human-made reefs inside Marine Special Areas in Hong Kong.', 'Hong Kong, Marine Special Areas', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(664, 'The Southern Plateau subantarctic region, southeast of New Zealand, is an important feeding area for birds, seals and fish, and a fishing ground for commercially significant species. In order to evaluate the implications of these attributes for the functioning of this ecosystem a steady-state, 19-compartment model was constructed using Ecopath with Ecosim software of Christensen et al.', 'New Zealand, Southern Plateau', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(665, 'We created a food web model for the Baltic Sea proper, using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, to evaluate interactions between fisheries and the food web from 1974 to 2000. The model was based largely on values generated by multispecies virtual population analysis (MSVPA).', 'Baltic Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(666, 'A steady state, mass balance, trophic network has been constructed to illustrate the flow of energy in the Seine Estuary by using Network Analysis and Ecopath methods. This ecosystem shows 15 compartments from primary producers to the top consumers (fish and birds). This study has been compared with other ecosystems of comparable nature located in North America (Narragansett, Chesapeake, Delaware Bays), Europe (Ems Estuary, Dublin Bay and Bay of Somme), and South Africa (Swartkops Estuary) in which analysis of trophic network has been applied with similar methods.', 'France, Normandy, Seine Estuary Eastern Channel', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(667, 'A steady state mass-balance trophic model with Ecopath II was constructed to determine the flow of energy in the trophic network of the Bay of Somme. Parameters were taken or estimated from field and laboratory studies or from literature for fishes and birds. Particulate organic carbon flux has been described in relation to freshwater and tidal inputs.', 'France, Bay of Somme, Eastern Channel', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(668, 'The Huizache–Caimanero coastal lagoon complex on the Pacific coast of Mexico supports an important shrimp fishery and is one of the most productive systems in catch per unit area of this resource. Four other less important fish groups are also exploited. In this study, we integrated the available information of the system into a mass-balance trophic model to describe the ecosystem structure and flows of energy using the ECOPATH approach.', 'Mexico, Huizache–Caimanero Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(669, 'A mass-balanced trophic model was developed for the coral reef lagoon of Uvea atoll (New Caledonia) using the Ecopath software. The model accounts for both pelagic and soft-bottom communities to describe the whole trophic structure and biomass flows in the shallowest part of the atoll lagoon.', 'New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, Uvea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(670, 'Energy fluxes in a mangrove ecosystem were evaluated with Ecopath model through a predator:prey matrix with 19 functional groups including primary producers and three levels of carnivores. Some input data (biomass of the fish groups, zooplankton and benthic communities) were obtained from the field and by stomach content analysis of dominant fish species (32) while others were taken from previous studies.', 'Mexico, Yucatan, Northern Continental Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2001),
(671, 'The Huizache-Caimanero coastal lagoon system supports an economically important artisanal shrimp fishery and a less valuable finfish fishery. We analyze the response of the fisheries and the ecosystem to changes in fishing effort.', 'Mexico, Huizache-Caimanero Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2001),
(672, 'The increased exploitation of pelagic sharks by longline fisheries raised questions about changes in the food webs that include sharks as apex predators. We used a version of Ecopath/Ecosim models to\r\nevaluate changes in trophic interactions due to shark exploitation in the Central North Pacific.', 'Pacific Ocean, North Central', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(673, 'Mass-balanced models of trophic flows in the southern Benguela ecosystem suggest a 10% increase in zooplankton biomass between the 1980s and the 1990s, in agreement with observed trends of increased zooplankton abundance off South Africa over the last few decades. Minimum hake biomass in balanced trophic models is substantially larger than survey and other model estimates, suggesting undersampling of hakes in surveys and underestimation of juvenile hake mortality.', 'South Africa, Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(674, 'A comparison was made using general trophic models of three coral reef slopes in the Mexican Caribbean. Two reef slopes are in semi-protected areas (Boca Paila, Tampalam) and the third is subject to more intense exploitation (Mahahual). The mass-balanced models of the three reef slopes were derived from fish biomass density data obtained directly from field measurements (fish census). Other trophic groups were derived from published sources.', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Boca Paila-Tampalam-Mah', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(675, 'Ecosystem effects of recent changes in fishing strategies in the South Brazil Bight (SBB) area, including increasing squid catches by shrimp bottom trawlers and fishing for young sardines as bait, for the skipjack tuna pole-and-line fishery were investigated by modelling the SBB coastal ecosystem for the 1998–1999 fisheries period, using the mass-balance modelling software, Ecopath with Ecosim.', 'Brazil, South Bight', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(676, 'The impact of some optimized harvesting strategies on ecosystem structure was investigated using a mass-balanced model of the ecosystem in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, where there are four types of artisanal fisheries and a shrimp fishery that has collapsed. The Ecopath with Ecosim software was used to simulate harvesting strategies aimed at optimizing economic (profit), social (jobs), ecological (conservation of ecosystem structure) and shrimp-recovery criteria.', 'Gulf of Mexico, Southwestern Campeche', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(677, 'In La Paz Bay, two artisanal fisheries operate, one based on hook-and-line, targeting snappers and groupers, and the other mainly based on gillnets, targeting species such as tilefish and haemulids. A shrimp fishery, which is not permitted to expand, also operates. We analyzed various harvesting strategies with the Ecopath with Ecosim modelling software, using catch-and-effort data for target species to fit simulated biomasses.', 'Mexico, Baja California Sur, La Paz Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(678, 'Comparative analysis of trophic networks was carried out to evaluate environmental management actions aimed at countering\r\nan environmental crisis in Orbetello Lagoon, Italy. Two mass-balance models of this shallow water coastal system were constructed, for 1995 and 1996. During this period, there was an observed change in the composition of the submerged vegetation that indicated a significant improvement in the lagoonÂ’s ecology. Mass-balance models were built using the Ecopath modelling software in order to explain the energy transfer through the trophic levels (TLs) of the lagoonÂ’s ecosystem.', 'Italy, Orbetello Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(679, 'On the basis of an Ecopath model and Ecosim model simulations, the trophic role of small pelagic fish in the Gulf of Salamanca, a tropical upwelling ecosystem on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, was explored using a combination of fishing vulnerabilities and harvest scenarios. Dynamic simulated changes in the biomass of small pelagic fish caused reallocation of the biomass of higher trophic-level organisms but not of lower trophic-level organisms(plankton).', 'Columbia, Gulf of Salamanca', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(680, 'The Gulf of Paria is a semi-enclosed estuarine area between Trinidad and Venezuela. Fisheries for demersal and pelagic species are important, and shared by nationals from both countries. In this study, a trophic model is constructed, and several whole system statistics and network flow indices determined for this ecosystem. Possible impacts of trawling on the biomass of model components, through simulation of the effects of varying fishing mortality rate, were also explored.', 'Trinidad / Venezuela, Gulf of Paria', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(681, 'Trophic interactions and community structure of commercial fishery species off Central Chile (33◦–39◦S) were analyzed and compared for 1992 and 1998 by ecotrophic modelling, using the Ecopath modelling software. The model encompasses the fishery, pinnipeds (sea lions), small pelagic fish (anchovy, pilchard), medium-sized pelagic fish (horse mackerel), demersal fish (e.g. Chilean hake, black conger), benthic invertebrates (carrot prawn, yellow prawn), and other groups such as zooplankton, phytoplankton, and detritus. Input information for the model was gathered from published and unpublished reports and our own estimates. Also, the effects of fishing and predation on fishery resources and on the most important components of the system were investigated, within an ecotrophic framework.', 'Chile, Central', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(682, 'A balanced trophic model of a Galápagos rocky reef system was constructed using Ecopath and Ecosim. The Ecopath approach allowed characterization of food web structure through integration of disparate ecosystem information derived from many years of study of Galápagos shallow-water rocky reefs. Ecosim and Ecospace routines enabled us to explore various hypotheses about system dynamics as well as potential solutions to conservation concerns about overfishing.', 'Galapagos Archipelago', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(683, 'Phytoplankton blooms are increasingly conspicuous along the worldÂ’s coastlines, and the toxic effects of these blooms have become a major concern. Nutrient enrichment often causes phytoplankton blooms, which decrease water transparency, but little is known about the effects of such light regime changes on whole communities of the continental shelf. A series of simulations designed to evaluate the potential effects of shading by phytoplankton blooms on community organization were conducted using a balanced trophic model of the West Florida Shelf ecosystem and the Ecopath with Ecosim modeling approach.', 'United States, West Florida Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(684, 'Modelling may significantly enhance our understanding of the potential impacts of fisheries at larger spatial scales and on groups that would otherwise be very difficult to study. An aggregated biomass-based simulation model of a Mediterranean infralittoral zone was developed and used to carry out fishing ‘experiments’ where fishing intensity and catch selection were varied. The model was constructed for the Bay of Calvi, Corsica, using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, and was composed of\r\n27 compartments, including seabirds, 11 groups of fish, 12 groups of invertebrates, 2 primary producers, bacteria and detritus.', 'Mediterranean, Corsica, Bay of Calvi', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(685, 'The Cantabrian Sea shelf ecosystem is described using a mass-balance model of trophic interactions, in order to understand the effects of the different fisheries that operate in this area. The study was based on a database of bottom trawl surveys, ICES stock assessment working groups, stomach analyses, fisheries research and was supplemented by published information. The model had 28 trophic groups corresponding to pelagic, demersal and benthic domains, also including detritus and fishery discards. The results indicated that the biomass and production of some groups would be unrealistic if they were independently estimated by single-species assessment approaches.', 'Spain, Cantabrian Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(686, 'Trophic models of the southern Benguela ecosystem have been developed to represent average ecosystem structures for two periods: 1980–1989 and 1990–1997. Ecopath with Ecosim software is used to simulate changes from the 1980s to the 1990s ecosystem structure. Two hypotheses are tested of mechanisms that could cause the changes. First, using the model of the 1980s, four scenarios are considered in which different combinations of fishing mortality rates of sardine, anchovy and horse mackerel are changed to mimic the situation in the 1990s model.', 'South Africa, Southern Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(687, 'Huizache–Caimanero is a tropical brackishwater lagoon in western Mexico where there has been an important shrimp fishery for a long time. Four other, less important fish groups in this ecosystem are also exploited. We use a previously constructed Ecopath model to explore harvesting strategies for multispecies management. Changes in fishing mortality were simulated using the search for optimum strategies implemented in Ecopath with Ecosim.', 'Mexico, Huizache Caimanero Lagoon (2004)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(688, 'The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed sea. Because of its evolution, its flora and fauna not rich. Commercial fishes consist of 15 species or species groups and 3-4 of them are dominant. Origin of the fish species in the Black Sea differs. In this basin warm water and moderately cold water marine fishes, brackish water fishes and some truly anadromous fishes are present. In addition to this, truly migratory species are also found.', 'Black Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2000),
(689, 'The main purpose of this project is primarily to attempt, for the first time to detail a steady-state model of trophic interactions and organic matter transfer in the Icelandic fisheries, using a user friendly software, ECOPATH (version 4 alpha). The rationale behind this, is to present to the Icelanders an optional tool for the evaluation and management of multispecies fisheries such as the Icelandic fisheries. ', 'Iceland, Icelandic Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1999),
(690, 'A mass-balance model of trophic interactions among the key functional groups of Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, is presented, based mainly on published data referring to the period from 1980 to 1989, before the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Balancing of the model required few steps that went beyond the available data; nevertheless, the model is preliminary in that additional ecological information is available on PSW and the functional groups of the organisms therein. Much of this information is not yet incorporated in the model. However, the purpose of this model is to serve as basis for further work, illustrated in two authored appendices, one showing the close match between the trophic levels estimated by the models and estimates based on stable isotope ratios, and the other documenting how inferences on the dynamics of PWS may be derived from its static representation.', 'USA, Alaska, Prince William Sound (Pre-oil spill)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1997),
(691, 'Information about the ecological components of Alaska''s Prince William Sound (PWS) has increased considerably since the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), but the structure and functional characteristics of the overall food web are still not well understood. A better understanding of the whole PWS food web and its dynamics was achieved by constructing a balanced trophic model using the Ecopath approach. This was the best available framework to summarize available ecosystem information in a trophic context, as it explicitly accounts for multi-species interactions. The PWS model is a cohesive synthesis of the overall biotic community with a focus on energy flow structure, and response to perturbations--both natural and anthropogenic. Flows of biomass among the various components of the food web were quantified using estimates provided by a collaborative group of over 35 experts on PWS ecosystem components.', 'USA, Alaska, Prince William Sound', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1999),
(692, 'We employed two inter-related software packages (Ecopath and Ecosim) to describe quantitatively the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem during the 1950s, before large-scale commercial fisheries were underway, and during the 1980s, after many marine mammal populations had declined. We grouped the hundreds of species that make up the Bering Sea ecosystem into 25 functional groups.', 'Alaska, Bering Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1999),
(693, 'This reports documents a workshop held in May 1998 in Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada, devoted to comparing the present Hecate Strait ecosystem with a reconstruction of its previous configuration, 100 years ago. The models were constructed using the Ecopath software and parameterized using data extracted from written and oral sources, notably a variety of knowledgeable stakeholders, including Aboriginal and other fishers.\r\n\r\n', 'Canada, British Columbia, Hecate Strait', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1999),
(694, 'Four Ecopath with Ecosim models were constructed to represent the marine ecosystem of northern British Columbia as it appeared in the years 1750, 1900, 1950 and 2000. The time periods were selected to characterize distinct epochs in the progression of exploitation and ecosystem structure (as required under Back to the Future methodology). Historical, archival and archeological information were used to construct the past models, as well as traditional ecological knowledge gained from community interviews. Approximately 150 species and genera are included, with many more implicit in the models. These players are grouped into 53 functional model groups, arranged by trophic similarity and habitat preference; special distinction is given to commercially important animals. Biomass, production, consumption and diet are among the parameters used to describe each group, as well as period-appropriate fisheries, bycatch and discards. The static Ecopath models described in this report represent the basis of dynamic Ecosim models, which can be used to test hypotheses regarding ecosystem structure/ function and management strategies.', 'Canada, British Columbia - Hecate Strait', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(695, 'Papers in this report set out the sources and derivations of parameters for four Ecopath mass-balance models covering Newfoundland and southern Labrador''s marine ecosystem (DFO statistical areas 2J3KLNO), referring to the historical times 1985, 1995, 1990 and 1450 (approximated as 3- to 5-year averages). The models have 50 compartments, including linked juvenile and adult life history stages for 6 groups of fish. The models include animals, such as walrus, that are locally extinct today. These models span a Newfoundland marine ecosystem that has changed greatly over the past 500 years.', 'Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(696, 'Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) whole-ecosystem models were built for the English Channel (ICES areas VIId and VIIe) for the time periods 1973 and 1995. Using Ecosim, the 1973 model was run forwards with a time-series of fishing mortality data to assess how realistically it predicted the changes in biomass that had occurred. The parameters for both models were modified so that the biomass trends reflected stock assessment data. This ‘tuning’ required slight changes to some of the basic input parameters, the addition of five juvenile groups, and five functions that forced eight groups to react to annual mean water temperature. The final 1995 Ecosim model consisted of 50 functional groups, with nine different fisheries exploiting 31 of these groups. Market prices, fleet profitability and jobs/catch value ratios were used to run policy optimisation with Ecosim.', 'United Kingdom, English Channel', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(697, 'The paper gives a description of the exploited fishery system on the offshore West Greenland shrimp grounds, including recent findings of fish community structure and trophic relationships. Based on the analysis of fish stomachs from the key fish species and estimates of fish abundance from assessment surveys the total annual consumption of northern shrimp and juvenile redfish by predatory fish in 1991-1992 has been calculated. A preliminary attempt to integrate the inter-relationships between the main species and the fishery is made using a balanced, steady state model (the Ecopath II software).', 'Greenland, West', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1994),
(698, 'A steady state model of 17 compartments was constructed for the Tongoy Bay ecosystem using the Ecopath II software of Christensen and Pauly (1992). The system is driven by planktonic production which is governed by periodical intrusions of upwelling water from a nearby upwelling centre. Of the total system bioass, 47% is comprised of benthic invertebrates whose food intake exceeds that of pelagic fish and birds.', 'Chile, Northern, Tongoy Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1994),
(699, 'Energy balanced steady-state models of the fringing and barrier reefs of Tiahura, Moorea Island, French Polynesia, are presented. A total of 43 and 46 trophic groups were identified on the two reef habitats respectively. The models'' outputs indicate that most of the substantial primary productivity is processed and recycled (59-69% of NPP) in the web through detritus based, microbially mediated food webs, with a substantial but secondary flux through grazer based webs.', 'French Polynesia, Moorea Island, Tiahura Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1997),
(700, 'Rivers Inlet, a fjord like area of 1000 km2 on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada, is briefly described, as are the fisheries for salmon and for species other than salmon, notably halibut and rockfishes.', 'Canada, British Columbia, Rivers Inlet', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1999),
(701, 'It has been recognized for some time that coastal ecosystems can be heavily impacted by local or regional human activity. It has become more clear recently that global changes associated with human activity may also unduly alter coastal systems. Increased rates of sea-level rise and of accumulation of atmospheric "greenhouse gases" will cause changes in the position of the land margins and the distributions of the organisms and the processes that occur in coastal environments.', 'United States, Florida, St. Marks Wildlife Refuge', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1994),
(702, 'In this paper, a model was constructed using the Ecopath software, to describe Broa reservoir, Sao Paulo State Brazil, in terms of material or energy flow that the organisms (compartments) interchange. This reservoir was chosen since it is probably the best known reservoir in Brazil.', 'Brazil, Sao Paulo State, Broa Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1996),
(703, 'The food web in Terminos Lagoon, south western Gulf of Mexico, was dominated by the detrital pathway, with benthic invertebrates playing a significant role in transferring energy from detritus to higher trophic levels. The fish yield per unit of net primary production was only 0.04%.', 'Mexico, Terminos Lagoon (Gulf of Mexico)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1998),
(704, 'The Bohai Sea is sea water area with distinct productivity, strong fishing activity and complicated relationship of food web. The living marine resource in the sea, especially the demersal and benthic fish species, were over-exploited and most part of living resources was utilized after 1962.', 'China, Bohai Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 0),
(705, 'The Golfo de Nicoya is among the largest tropical estuaries in Central America and the main, and already overexploited, fishing area of Costa Rica. It can be separated into a shallow interior part fringed by mangroves and mud flats and a deeper part that extends to the shelf edge to about 200 m. In order to integrate available information on biomass, catches, food spectrum and dynamics of the main species populations of the system, a trophic model of 21 compartments was constructed by the use of the Ecopath II software.', 'Costa Rica, Golfo de Nicoya', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 0),
(706, 'This study describes the application of the Ecopath model to a tropical shallow water demersal ecosystem off Terengganu, Malaysia. The ecosystem was partitioned into 13 trophic groups.', 'Malaysia, Terengganu', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1987),
(707, 'The waters around Iceland, fed by the warm gulf stream from the south, offer exceptional conditions for fish stocks to thrive. Since understanding of the marine ecosystem is the foundation of sensible and sustainable harvesting of these resources, a key role has been assigned to marine research.', 'Iceland', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1999),
(708, 'A trophic model of a small West African Coastal Lagoon (Sakumo Lagoon, near Tema, Ghana), consisting of 14 interacting functional groups, was constructed using the Ecopath approach and software, based on field data gathered in the early 1970''s, and reflecting an early stage in the development of this now much-modified ecosystem.', 'Ghana, Sakumo Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(709, 'A multispecies trophic model called Ecopath II, which can be used to describe trophic relationships in aquatic ecosystems on a quantitative basis, is briefly analyzed.', 'Thailand, Ubolratana Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1994),
(710, 'San Miguel is a large embayment along the Pacific Coast of southeast Luzon, Philippines. The estuarine ecosystem therein is described through a mass-balance model that includes 16 functional groups (state variables), representing over 200 exploited fish and commercial invertebrate species, the energy (feeding) fluxes among them, and the multispecies catch of the fisheries, which pit artisanal fishers, using a wide range of gear, against trawl operators.', 'Philippines, San Miguel Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2001),
(711, 'Fluxes of energy for the Maspalomas Lagoon ecosystem were obtained using the Ecopath II steady state ecosystem model. This brackish water ecosystem, which was regenerated in summer 1992, is exposed to a seasonal variability of the main physico-chemical parameters, that is, salinity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen.', 'Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Maspalomas Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1998),
(712, 'Collaborative research in the Weddell Sea performed during the past decade has substantially increased insight into the different community components of this large ecosystem, and has led to a conceptual diagram of the biomass flows among its principal subsytems. In order to integrate the results of the various research efforts directed towards the shelf communities into a coherent whole, a static modelling approach was used to obtain the first balanced model of trophic flows between the dominant groups of the benthic community of the eastern Weddell Sea.', 'Antarctica, Eastern Weddell Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1997),
(713, 'A trophic model of the Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary, Florida, USA was constructed, using the Ecopath II approach for construction of mass-balance ecosystem models, the results of local biomass surveys, and an earlier Ecopath model of a Virgin Island reef. Flows of energy and other relationships between the 20 functional groups in the system were examined, then compared with those in 5 other coral reef ecosystem models.', 'USA, Florida, Looe Key', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1997);
INSERT INTO `TAB_S2_ModelDescription` (`id_survey`, `Description`, `ModelName`, `s2phys`, `s2phys_key`, `s2bgc`, `s2bgc_key`, `s2life`, `s2life_key`, `s2eco`, `s2eco_key`, `s2fish`, `s2fish_key`, `s2benthic`, `s2benthic_key`, `s2_6environment`, `s2ref`, `registration_date`, `ecopath`, `ecopath_year`) VALUES
(714, 'By its charter the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), must balance the needs of indigenous traditional owners, commercial and recreational fishing interests, and the conservation requirements of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) marine park’s World Heritage Area status. Under both Commonwealth and State legislation, as well as through international obligations of the World Heritage Area listing, management of the marine park is committed to the ecologically sustainable development of fisheries, and most importantly, conservation of their supporting ecosystems. In the current study the basic Gribble (2000) "GBR prawn" ECOPATH trophic model was expanded into a "linkedecosystems" model, which considered the biodiversity and connecting biomass flows within and between (1) mangrove, (2) lagoon-seagrass, and (3) coral reef systems of the GBR. The GBR linked-ecosystem model is an equilibrium trophic hierarchy, with the biomass flows balanced such that there are not more predators than prey to feed them, nor conversely are there "wasted" prey with insufficient predators to exploit the available resource. Thirty-two trophic guilds were modelled, including 25 from original "GBR prawn" model (Gribble, 2003), plus inshore finfish species groupings and juvenile life-history stages. This spectrum represents a generalised food-web that attempts to capture the major biomass dynamics the and flows within the component GBR systems. The model was implemented by means of ECOPATH EwE (version 5 beta) software using the ECOSIM and ECOSPACE routines for temporal and spatial simulations respectively. The particular application for the model was to identify the effects of the major fisheries in each of the component systems, and the possible confounding effects of independently developed fisheries management plans. Accordingly, long-term temporal simulations of the GBR linked ecosystem model explored the interactions across the line, gillnet and trawl fisheries, and highlighted a number of issues. In both the Sea turtle and Barramundi trophic guilds there were significant interactions between fisheries that are important to the management of these stocks. It appears that there is not a simple intuitive link between fishing pressure and biomass of some targeted species, but a more complex "food-web" effect. Targeting of fish or prawn aggregations by commercial fishers reduces the efficacy of logbook catchper- unit-effort (CPUE) as an index of abundance or biomass because the reported catch rate reflects only the densities of fish or prawns within the aggregation or school, not the unbiased estimate of abundance obtained if the population was randomly sampled. Therefore it would be expected that the biomass trajectory predicted by the ecosystem model and by the logbook data would show a reasonably poor match, as was evident in this study. This result has implications for the reliability of traditional single-species “surplus-production” stock assessment models that use CPUE to model the maximum sustainable yield of a fishery.', 'Australia, Great Barrier Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2005),
(715, 'The trophic role of snappers was evaluated on the continental shelves of the south-western Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan in the south-eastern Gulf of Mexico. Mass-balanced, steady-state trophic models of the two ecosystems were constructed with Ecopath and perturbations were simulated in the ecosystems with Ecosim by increasing fishing mortality. Impacts were measured by changes in biomass of snappers and other groups, and in some indices of stability: persistence, recovery time and resilience. The snapper populations differed between ecosystems. The western Gulf of Mexico system appeared more complex and more stable than the Continental Shelf of Yucatan. Although overall stability indices between ecosystem suggested a similar structure and function, there were clear differences at a group level. Correlation of stability attributes between groups suggested differences in the role of snappers between the ecosystems suggesting that each stock should be managed individually. (C) 1998 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, North Continental Shelf of', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1998),
(716, 'A comparison of the food webs of the eastern and western Bering Sea continental shelf large marine ecosystems (EBS and WBS LMEs) is presented, with a literature review of Russian and English sources for the western Bering Sea food web. A model is constructed using Ecopath, a tool for performing quantitative mass-balance calculations to synthesize food web data. The model focuses on the earliest period for which detailed diet data was available for both systems, 1980-85.', 'USA, Alaska, Bering Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(717, 'Golfo Dulce is a deep tropical estuary whose ecosystem dynamics are poorly understood. In order to evaluate biomass and energy flow distributions, productivity potential, and to obtain guidelines for conservation management, a steady-state model of 20 compartments (excluding detritus) was constructed using the Ecopath II software.', 'Costa Rica, Golfo Dulce', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1996),
(718, 'A preliminary mass-balance trophic model was constructed to determine the flow of energy in a community of fish and invertebrates on the continental shelf of the south-western Gulf of Mexico. Input parameters were taken from the literature, except for the biomass of fish groups, which was obtained from the trawl surveys in the study area.', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, Southwestern', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1998),
(719, '', 'South Georgia / South Orkney Islands', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1999),
(720, '', 'United States. Chesapeake Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(721, 'This contribution documents a first attempt to construct an ecosystem model for the marine ecosystem of Iceland in 1950 based on a present-day (i.e., 1997) model of the same area, and adopting the same structure and species composition. The catch data were adapted from the Sea Around Us project catch database, with discarding and unreported catch explicitly accounted for. Comparison of model prediction with reference time series data for two important species in the fisheries was also carried out, and indicated good correspondence between model predictions and times series data.', 'Iceland 1950', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2001),
(722, '', 'Philippines, Laguna de Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1995),
(723, '', 'Australia, Southern Tasmania', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2001),
(724, '', 'Micronesia, Enewetak Atoll', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1995),
(725, '(Excerpt only). In the present study, we use Ecopath and inverse methods to reconstruct trophic flows through the whole Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystem for the mid 1980''s period, prior to the groundfish stock collapses.', 'Canada, Northern Gulf of the St. Lawrence', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(726, '', 'Australia, Great Barrier Reef, Rib Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2001),
(727, 'An ecosystem model of the southern Benguela was fitted to available time-series data for the period 1978–2002, to explore how changes in target fish populations in this ecosystem can be attributed to feeding interaction terms and population control patterns, the impact of fishing, and environmental forcing. Fishing patterns were estimated to explain only 2–3% of the variability in the time-series, whereas an estimated productivity forcing pattern applied to phytoplankton explained 4–12% of the variance represented by the sum of squares. Model settings describing prey vulnerability to their predators could explain around 40% of the variability in the time-series. Modelled stock dynamics in the southern Benguela ecosystem more closely represent observed timeseries when wasp-waist control by small pelagic fish is simulated. Overall, model simulations suggest that almost half the variance in the time-series can be explained based on a combination of fishing, vulnerability settings and productivity patterns. Variation in mortalities and prey preferences over time, as well as model fits in relation to available effort series, are discussed. The study advances a model with improved parameterization and credibility to assist with an ecosystem approach to South African fisheries management.', 'South Africa, Southern Benguela (1978-2002)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(728, 'Initial parameter estimates for the reef flat around Santiago Island, Bolinao, Pangasinan, in the Phillipines, were obtained for 24 subcomponents of the ecosystem. Four primary producer groups (benthic seaweed, seagrass, corals and phytoplankton), five invertebrate benthos (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, coral polyps, crustaceans and molluscs), 12 commercially important fish groups, zooplankton, squids and a detritus box were quantified utilizing Ecopath II. Reasonable estimations of ecotrophic efficiencies were obtained for most of the components. The model helped to indicate areas for further investigation of the system, especially biomass estimations of the cryptic species and the food consumption for key top predators such as the moray eel.', 'Philippines, Pangasinan, Bolinao', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(729, 'A steady state trophic model of the coastal fisheries ecosystem of Brunei Darussalam is derived via Ecopath II using selected parameters from studies conducted in the area and the available literature. Biomass estimates of various groups so derived are consistent with independent estimates from demersal trawl and pelagic acoustic surveys conducted in Brunei waters. These estimates of biomass combined with fisheries catches give exploitation rates (E) between 0.011 and 0.191, confirming independent assessments which indicate the coastal fisheries resources to be lightly fished. Selected summary statistics relevant to efficiency of the system are given together with recommendations for research towards refinement of the preliminary model presented.', 'Brunei, Darussalam', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(730, 'This paper is an extension of previous work on Celestun Lagoon, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, a tropical brackish water body of 28.1 km2 and 14.13 million m3. The lagoon system relies upon three main sources of primary productivity, i.e. phytobenthos imports from outside, benthic producers in the system and phytoplankton. The fisheries take 0.061 gm2year from six species of fish and one paenid shrimp. Based primarily on information from the lagoon, a balanced model of the flows in the ecosystem is constructed using the Ecopath II software system. As a number of important parameters had to be estimated based on assumed mass balance, the derived model should be considered preliminary. Fish biomass from swept area analyses were found to be too low to meet demands in the system, indicating sampling problems. The value of a balanced trophic model for closer examination of data quality is apparent', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Celestun Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(731, 'An attempt was made to model a littoral lagoon in the French Mediterranean, the Etang de Thau. The model was structured around commercially important fish groups with a top predator biomass evaluated at 11.0 t.km2. Reasonable estimates of biomasses for the other fish species/groups were obtained. The flows in the system are dominated by the zooplankton and benthic producers.', 'France, Etang de Thau', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(732, 'The ecology of the Garonne River near Toulouse, France, and of one of its semi-isolated meanders or bras mort is described briefly, based mainly on samples collected in April 1990 and 1991 and with emphasis on five species of fishes, and on their prey organisms. This information is used to construct a preliminary springtime trophic model of a segment of the Garonne River, which is then discussed.', 'France, Toulouse, Garonne River', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(733, 'IJsselmeer in the central part of the Netherlands is a 182,000 ha shallow eutrophic freshwater body with an average depth of 4 m. Commercially important fish species are the eel, two predators, pikeperch and perch, and the short-lived smelt.', 'Netherlands, IJsselmeer Lake', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(734, 'An attempt is made to model the eutrophic ecosystem of Lake Aydat in the Massif Central, France, with emphasis on the two dominant fish species, perch and roach. The preliminary model raises interesting questions of trophic inefficiencies and food chain structure. A better understanding of the functioning of the ecosystem has been reached with this model, which includes some extraordinarily long food chains (of up to 9 trophic levels).', 'France, Lake Aydat', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(735, 'The trophic ecosystem modelling software, Ecopath II, was used to analyze the Lake Chad system, Africa, during its "normal" phase, the period between 1969 and 1972. Reasonable estimates of population-related parameters for fish and invertebrate stocks were obtained, and an energy flow diagram for the whole lake is presented.', 'West Africa, Lake Chad', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(736, 'A trophic model of Lake George, Uganda, Central Africa, was constructed using published quantitative and qualitative information on the various biotic components of the lake and the Ecopath II approach and software. It is shown that the available production and biomass estimates for the various groups in the system are consistent with each other, and that it is possible to make a balanced model of the major interactions in Lake George.', 'Uganda, Lake George', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(737, 'Nine major trophic groups were analyzed using the Ecopath II model to assess the trophic interrelationships and community structure of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. The utilization of energy flows, represented by the ecoptrophic efficiencies vary videly among the various groups. The production of S. zambezensis, of macrophytes and of periphyton is apparently little utilized within the system and thus S. zambezensis represents a potentially important source. The utilization of H. vittatus and of the cichlids is moderate, but this inference depends on the reliability of the catch data. The small pelagic Limnothrissa miodon is fairly heavily harvested, although the analysis indicates that fishing mortality could be increased. This, however, depends on the reliability of the P/B ratio. The pelagic food chain appears fully utilized whereas there is room for herbivorous species in the vegetated littoral zone. These two habitats are new to the original riverine fish fauna and only the former has become productive after the introduction of the pelagic L. miodon.', 'Zimbabwe, Lake Kariba', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1992),
(738, 'Data collected over more than 20 years at the Kinneret Limnological Labratory were used in an Ecopath II model of the Lake Kinneret ecosystem, Israel. For this system, very reliable and detailed estimates were available for the biomass and production of phytoplankton and zooplankton and the diet and catches of the main fish species. Recent studies at the Kinneret Laboratory have produced estimates for biomass and production for bacteria and protozoa, allowing these ecosystem components to be included. Among the most important results: 1) the bacterial loop consumes nearly half of the primary production (as detritus); 2) predatory copepods consume at least 4 times more herbivorous zooplankton than do fish, and 3) about 90% of the zooplankton is consumed, so fish populations cannot be much larger than we have estimated these to be.', 'Israel, Lake Kinneret', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(739, 'Lake Malawi contains a pelagic ecosystem which is based on a deep euphotic zone (up tp 60m) and medium primary production (0.7 gCm/day). A trophic box model has been implemented based mainly on investigations conducted from 1977 to 1981. The grazer chain in the pelagic system is dominated by one major pathway: via crustacean zooplankton to a larvae of the lake fly. Nearly all the primary production is estimated to pass through this pathway. Minor pathways pass through zooplanktivorous fish of which the most important are the cyprinid Rastrineobola sardella and a group of haplochromine species (Cichlidae). The top predators constitute a small group of species which feed on fish as well as on Chaoborus larvae. The majority of the Chaoborus production is exported from the lake.', 'Malawi, Lake Malawi', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(740, 'Lake Ontario is one of the Great Lakes of North America. The lake has been intensively studied for many decades and only now is there enough information to attempt development of an energy food web. Unfortunately, not all parameters for the food web are obtainable from the lake itself. Therefore, when necessary, information has been collected from labratory work or from other lakes in the region with similar climate and ecosystem structure.', 'Canada, Lake Ontario', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(741, 'An update of previous estimates of production by the pelagic fish and invertebrate populations of Lake Tanganyika (Burundi sector) of Africa, is presented, along with a revised quantification of their trophic interactions. Two models are provided, pertaining to the periods 1974-1976 (high biomasses) and 1980-1983 (low biomasses). Some implications for research on the living resources of Lake Tanganyika are also presented.', 'Burundi, Lake Tanganyika', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(742, 'The ecotrophic community structure in open Lake Turkana, Kenya, has changed since the early 1970''s when the system appeared limited by zooplankton production and energy was accumulated in stocks of small pelagic species. Later, the slower growing predator stocks of Lates spp. have proliferated and in the late 1980''s energy has accumulated at the top predator level. The result is a strong increase (250%) in predation mortality on small pelagic species. This may explain the fivefold decrease in their biomass which is much more than can be expected from the relative decrease in secondary and primary productivity between the two periods. The regulatory mechanisms in the open lake ecosystem structure seem to have shifted from bottom-up to top-down "control" between 1973 and 1987. Fishing effort should be directed at the Lates spp. and Synodontis stocks and sustainable yields under the present conditions could be strongly increased.', 'Kenya, Lake Turkana', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(743, 'The Ecopath II approach and software were used to construct a box model of the fish community of the Kenyan sector of Lake Victoria before and after the introduction of Nile perch to document how this introduction affected the dynamics of the lake. We demonstrate a change in ecosystem structure and an increase in ecotrophic efficiencies of most components of the ecosystem, following the introduction of Nile perch.', 'Kenya, Lake Victoria', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(744, 'Based on one-year sampling of the communities in the Mandinga Lagoon, Mexico, a model of trophic interactions was constructed. In addition to original data, some parameters were based on information from other Mexican coastal areas. The model is very preliminary, and no catch data are included. The available phytoplankton production estimate was very low and therefore not used; instead a production rate was estimated that could balance consumption by copepods. A balanced ecosystem model could be derived with only minor modifications of the input parameter which shows that the available data are largely internally consistent.', 'Mexico, Veracruz, Mandinga Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(745, 'A preliminary trophic model is presented of the Maputo Bay ecosystem (Mozambique), based on information on the main fisheries in the area. The model was built using the Ecopath II software system (ver. 2.1) so that input and output for all groups in the system are balanced. The model estimates the sum of all production generated in Maputo Bay to 2,650 t.km2year for a total area of about 1100 km2, the annual yield of the fisheries sum to more than 7000 t, accounting for about 1% of the total biological production of the system.', 'Mozambique, Maputo Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(746, 'A preliminary ecosystem trophic structure model was built for Monterey Bay, California, USA, and analyzed using the Ecopath II program. The model has fifteen living boxes plus one box for detritus. Three different primary production values were used to evaluate the model. They correspond to: 1) winter low, 2) mean high upwelling and 3) occasional very high upwelling production observed in the bay. Biomass, ecotrophic efficiencies, flows to detritus and respiration/assimilation estimated by the model were in agreement for values measured in the bay and/or similar environments. This suggests that even though the model is in a preliminary stage, it possesses characteristics of the natural system.', 'United States, California, Monterey Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(747, 'This paper describes an integrated dike-pond farming system in South China, one with a history that goes back to the mid-fourteenth century. The energy flows through the system, which includes among other components, eight fish species are quantified. The system has a very high throughput and production, caused by high imports of manure and concentrated feeds, together with elephant grass, vegetables and mulberry leaves that are produced on the dikes.', 'China, Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Delta', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(748, 'The northeastern Venezuela shelf ecosystem (30,000 km2) is the most productive fishing area in the country. Marine biological productivity is associated with wind induced upwelling in the dry season (November through May) and river runoff in the rainy season (May through November). Considering its regional socioeconomic and scientific importance, available information was analyzed in order to study biomass production and flow by means of the Ecopath II steady state trophic model. The system was divided into 16 species or species groups: small sharks, scombrids and barracudas, snappers and groupers, squids, croakers, carangids, grunts, catfish, mackerel, other demersal fishes, small pelagics, heterotrophic benthos, zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic producers and detritus.', 'Venezuela, Northeastern Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(749, 'The trophic model for the River Thames, England, developed by the International Biological Programme (IBP) is probably the most complete ever constructed for a riverine ecosystem. A Mark 2 model is presented here, constructed using Ecopath II. The model reinforces many conclusions of the earlier study and exposes certain weaknesses. In particular, the trophic role of the main fish populations and of detritus is revised. Certain improvements that could be made to the Mark 2 model are identified, relating to the inclusion of incoming solar energy and to the efficiency of the community in converting solar energy to animal and plant tissue.', 'England, River Thames', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(750, 'The present investigation details the trophic connections existing among the planktonic, pelagic and benthic components of the Pullavali brackishwater, a tropical estuarine ecosystem at the southeast coast of India where such studies have not been made hitherto. The production and loss of energy at successive trophic levels were estimated for a habitat area of 1.5 km2 adopting random sampling, standard methods of R.B. William and assumptions of D.J. Crisp. A comparison made with a shallow temperate estuary (Bogue Sound, North Carolina) showed that the net primary production in the tropical estuarine ecosystem was higher than that of the other ecosystem. However, the Pullavali brackishwater and Bogue Sound showed more or less similar efficiency in the different trophic levels as evidenced by the total fish yields, 0.55% and 0.50% of net primary production, respectively.', 'India, Pullavali Brackishwater', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(751, 'An attempt to construct a trophic model of Veli Lake, southern India, was made using the Ecopath II approach and software. This was used to estimate the biomasses of exploited fish such as mullets, Etroplus, catfishes and prawns and of their preys. Catches from the lake are very high and, in consequence, high biomasses are estimated for most groups.', 'India, Veli Lake', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1993),
(752, 'This piece of work has been realised in collaboration with a group of estuarine biologists and ecologists with particilar skills in the Gironde estuary which is probably the largest estuary of Western Europe. It is famous for its rich array of species and it also has the distinction of being the European estuary with the largest assemblage of diadromous fish making the Gironde a good reference estuary. ', 'France, Gironde Estuary', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(753, 'Comparatively Lake Awassa is one of the most thoroughly studied lakes in Ethiopia. However no attempt was made to bring the available information\r\ntogether in order to see the foodweb relationship in the ecosystem. Perhaps one of the plausible reasons for not modeling lakes till now is lack of comprehensive and easy-to-use model. A friendly software model, Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE), was constructed for Lake Awassa using different published and unpublished data that were originally studied in the lake. Several parameters were also estimated from the present study such as primary productivity, phytoplankton biomass, Tilapia biomass and zoobenthos. The study was conducted between November 2003-August 2004. Thirteen functional groups including two ontogenic groups\r\nwere used in the present analysis to see the trophic relationship and energy flow. The results of the model give an overview of the resources found in the lake simultaneously and reveal the degree of interactions. The consumers are heavily exploited in the system as shown by high ecotrophic efficiency while the producers including detritus are under exploited. Hence energy transfer from lower trophic level seems very low. Flows from detritus were as important as flows from phytoplankton, designating the importance of both detritus and grazing food chain in the system. Mixed Trophic Impact (MTI) analyses indicate that phytoplankton and detritus have positive impact on most other groups. On the other hand, herbivore zooplankton and tilapia had negative impact on phytoplankton, the former being stronger. Lake Awassa has a low ecological efficiency with a value of 0.001. System primary production/ respiration (P/R) ratio of Lake Awassa is 9.844 showing the lake is at developmental stage or a young ecosystem, warning that extra care should be given to human interventions. However, since production is high the lake can contribute in the food self-sufficiency program of the country. This trophic model analysis also enables us to confirm the previous works and pinpoint the critical research gaps. Production, biomass, mortality, feeding, reproduction etc for zoobenthos, Garra sp., Labeobarbus amphigrama and Aplocheilichtyes sp. are open to research. The biomass, mortality etc of Labeobarbus intermidius should also be studied.', 'Ethiopia, Lake Awassa', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(754, 'Conventional Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) tends to show that most ecosystem restoration programs are not worthwhile in economic terms. This is because discounting significantly reduces future net benefits from restoration, since benefits are discounted using the time perspective (i.e., the discounting clock) of the current generation only. I propose the use of what is termed Generational CBA, which discounts net benefits from the perspective of all generations. This CBA takes into account the fact that current restoration efforts may produce benefits to future generations, and that these benefits need to be valued using the respective discounting clocks of the generation receiving the benefits.', 'USA, Columbia River', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(755, 'A one-week workshop was held at the Fisheries Centre, UBC, from November 6-10, 1996, during which ten invited participants, mainly from the scientific community in British Columbia, Alaska and Washington, and Fisheries Centre faculty and graduate students assembled the elements required for preliminary mass-balance models of trophic fluxes in the Alaska Gyre, on the shelf off southern British Columbia, and in the Strait of Georgia.\r\n\r\nSuch mass-balance models were urgently required, as no systematic attempt had been made to verify that commonly-cited biomass, production and consumption rate estimates published for various critical marine groups in these three systems (e.g. salmon, marine mammals), were mutually compatible. The construction of these mass-balance models not only allowed verification (or correction) of previously published flux and biomass estimates, but also identification of major gaps in knowledge, and cost-effective estimation of some of the previously unknown rates and biomasses required for assessment of marine carrying capacity in the Northeastern Pacific.\r\n\r\nEach workshop participant covered a functional group and its associated fluxes: phytoplankton and primary production, zooplankton and secondary production, major fish species and their fisheries, marine mammals and birds and their food consumption.\r\n\r\nModel construction was performed using the well-documented Ecopath approach and software, previously applied to over eighty aquatic ecosystems throughout the world, and of which a pre-release Windows-based version was applied during the workshop.\r\n\r\nThis report documents the parametrization of the three above-mentioned models through short contributions authored by the participants, the construction and validation of these (still) preliminary models, then presents suggestions for their future development and uses.', 'Alaska, Alaska Gyre', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1996),
(756, 'In the central part of the Venice Lagoon fishing grounds\r\nare subjected to intensive exploitation of the invasive species Manila clam and to a traditional fishing activity. The trophic network of the fishing grounds is analysed in order to highlight ecosystem effects of the invasive species and of its exploitation. Results evidenced depletion of ecosystem functioning in central part of Venice lagoon with respect to the past (before clam introduction), the wasp-waist role of Manila clam and the very negative effects that clam harvesting has on artisanal fishery.', 'Italy, Venice Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(757, 'Trophic networks of two typical habitats of the Venice\r\nLagoon, the seagrass meadows and the Tapes philippinarum fishing grounds, which are subjected to mechanical clam harvesting, are compared for evidencing effects of fishing on ecosystem maturity and functioning. Results highlighted the more mature stage of seagrass meadows compared to the fishing grounds and evidenced the positive feedback of sediment resuspension caused by intensive clam fishing on the target species itself.\r\n', 'Italy, Venice Lagoon (energy flow)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(758, 'The North Pacific is a hot-bed for understanding how marine populations are impacted by humans as well as by environmental conditions. The "Thompson-Burkenroad debate" has been ongoing since the late-1940s: what drives the marked fluctuations in Pacific halibut that has been observed over the past century? Dr William Thompson, who started up the work of the International Pacific Halibut Commission, IPHC, argued that the changes in halibut abundance could be fully explained by changes in fishing pressure, i.e. that they were the result of successful management on the part of IPHC, while his adversary, Dr Martin Burkenroad questioned if the populations trends could be accounted for by fishing pressure on its own, or if wasn''t rather a question of environmental factors impacting halibut recruitment. While Thompson and Burkenroad actually never debated the relative role of fisheries and the environment - indeed it may well be that they would actually agree that one factor in itself would not suffice to give us the full explanation their debate has lived on, and both sides still have proponents arguing for one over the other. Examining the Pacific halibut trends now, nearly 60 years after the debate started, still yields inconclusive answers only. We cannot name the culprit.', 'Pacific (Eastern)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2005),
(759, 'Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being recognized as an alternativemanagement tool for conserving marine resources and ecosystems. By integrating organismdispersal rates, ecosystem interactions and fishing effort dynamics, ECOSPACE, a spatially explicit ecosystem-based modeling tool, allowed us to compare the ecological consequences of alternativeMPA zoning policies within the proposed Gwaii Haanas NationalMarine Conservation Area, located off the west coast of British Columbia, Canada. The desired effects of MPAs include higher fishery yields, the conservation of biodiversity, and/or the preservation of intact ecosystems. However, ECOSPACE predicts that when MPAs are small, species interactions and movements may make these objectives difficult to achieve. COSPACE suggests that the effects of MPAs are reduced at their boundaries where fishing effort is predicted to concentrate. Furthermore, top predators may become more abundant within MPAs, which could ead to a depression of their prey species and a subsequent increase of species at even lower trophic levels. Trophic cascade patterns and density gradients across boundaries are nontrivial departures rom our simple expectations of how MPAs protect areas and will force us to reconsider what constitutes effective conservation. Our ECOSPACE model indicates that the establishment of multi-use buffer ones may help alleviate these realistic but worrisome ecological predictions. When coupled with an overall reduction in harvest pressure, ECOSPACE suggests that a MPA with a large core ‘no-take’ zone nd large buffer will result in the greatest increase in organism biomass. The use of marine zoning may be an effective management tactic to reduce social conflict and conserve marine ecosystems.', 'Canada, Gwaii Haanas', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(760, 'We modeled the flow of methyl mercury, a toxic global pollutant, in the Faroe Islands marine ecosystem and compared average human methyl mercury exposure from consumption of pilot whale meat and fish (cod, Gadus morhua) with current tolerable weekly intake (TWI) levels. Under present conditions and climate change scenarios, methyl mercury increased in the ecosystem, translating into increased human exposure over time. However, we saw greater changes as a result of changing fishing mortalities. A large portion of the general human population exceed the TWI levels set by the World Health rganization [WHO; 1.6 µg/kg body weight (bw)], and they all exceed the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 µg/kg bw/day set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; equivalent to a TWI of 0.7 µg/kg w). As a result of an independent study documenting that Faroese children exposed prenatally to methyl mercury had reduced cognitive abilities, pregnant women have decreased their intake of whale meat nd were below the TWI levels set by the WHO and the U.S. EPA. Cod had approximately 95% lower methyl mercury concentrations than did pilot whale. Thus, the high and harmful levels of methyl mercury n the diet of Faroe Islanders are driven by whale meat consumption, and the increasing impact of climate change is likely to exacerbate this situation. Significantly, base inflow rates of mercury into he environment would need to be reduced by approximately 50% to ensure levels of intake below the WHO TWI levels, given current levels of whale consumption. Key words: climate change, Ecopath, Ecosim, Ecotracer, mercury, pollutant, trophic modeling. Environ Health Perspect 113:521–526 (2005). doi:10.1289/ehp.7603 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 2 February 2005]', 'Faroe Islands (Denmark)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2005),
(761, 'This study is the first application of spatial (ECOSPACE) modelling to Hong Kong and adjacent PRC inshore waters and evaluates the effectiveness of different FPA configurations in the Tap Mun/Tolo Harbour and Outer Port Shelter FPAs shown below. The overall modelling also evaluates the benefits of recent AR/FPA initiatives in banning trawling at FPAs, Marine Parks and at the newly established Marine Exclusion Zone at Chek Lap Kok. Lastly, the study assesses the implication of a 2-month trawl moratorium in adjacent PRC inshore waters.', 'Hong Kong, China 1990', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2002),
(762, 'The PICES Carrying Capacity and Climate Change (CCCC) BAsin Scale Studies (BASS) Task eam was established to facilitate studies of the impacts of climate change and limate variability on the physical and biological processes in the gyres of the estern and eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean.\r\nIn general, the oceanography and ecology of the eastern (ESA) and western (WSA) asins of the subarctic Pacific (Fig. 1) are poorly understood relative to the coastal reas. It is known that the central subarctic Pacific is productive as indicated by the large abundance of Pacific salmon, squid and other important fishes. Recent studies also suggest that the oceanography of the gyres is closely linked to the decadal scale changes in climate. Therefore, it is important that there is a co-ordinated effort to focus on the priority research issues, and to exchange scientific information on a timely basis.', 'Pacific Basin, (Subartic)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(763, 'Recent studies quantify species interactions in the central Baltic Sea and emphasize their importance in defining long-term management strategies. Four preliminary mass-balance models of carbon flow are presented for this area (approximately ICES subdivisions 25-29) by season, based on estimates of standing stock and energy flow from the late 1980''s / early 1990''s. The construction of the models emphasizes on the commercially most important fish species, herring, sprat, and cod. Further included are primary producers, several groups of planktonic invertebrates and benthos, as well as commercially less important fish. The models are analyzed and compared by means of network analysis, and discussed in view of existing multispecies approaches to the central Baltic.', 'Baltic Sea (Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1995),
(764, 'The Ecopath trophic model has been used to describe an extensive study of the trophic relationships of the Parakrama Samudra reservoir, Sri Lanka, during the 1970''s. It has supported preliminary assessments made regarding the importance of unexploited fish stocks and can possibly provide the link to understanding the further evolution of the lake under various fisheries management schemes.', 'Sri Lanka, Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2001),
(765, 'Recent calls for a more holistic approach to fisheries management have motivated development of trophic mass-balance models of ecosystems that underlie fisheries production. We developed a model hypothesis of the pelagic ecosystem in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) to gain insight into the relationships among the various species in the system and to explore the ecological implications of alternative methods of harvesting tunas. We represented the biomasses of and fluxes between the principal elements in the ecosystem with Ecopath, and examined the ecosystem''s dynamic, time-series behavior with Ecosim.', 'Pacific Ocean (Eastern Tropical)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(766, 'Five thermodynamically balanced models of the trophic interactions and organic matter transfer between compartments of a Caribbean coral reef system are presented. Inputs to the models were obtained from published data and from parameter estimates based on multivariate statistics. The models were analyzed using the ECOPATH II program (Version 1 .O) of Daniel Pauly, Villy Christensen and coworkers at the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) (in Manila, Philippines) which combines elements of network flow analysis with the steady-state approach of Jeffrey Polovina''s original ECOPATH. A single model with 50 boxes, 2 models with 20 boxes and 2 with 11 boxes were constructed, based on two different methods of aggregation. Their features were compared.\r\nThese balanced models indicate that coral reef systems are in a "steady-state" or "flow- through equilibrium", when the appropriate spatial and temporal scale is selected. This implies that investigations on reef community structure which relied on a small spatial scale, and which suggest a high degree of stochastic variability may not address issues related to the stability of structures at larger scales.', 'Caribbean Sea (Coral reefs)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1996),
(767, 'A mass-balanced trophic model was developed for the coral reef lagoon of Uvea atoll (New Caledonia) using the Ecopath software. The model accounts for both pelagic and soft-bottom communities to describe the whole trophic structure and biomass flows in the shallowest part of the atoll lagoon. Phytoplankton production approximately equals the benthic primary production. Benthic biomass accounts for more than 80% of the total living biomass in the shallow lagoon. The benthic domain requires input of food from the pelagic system (mainly zooplankton) and from adjacent areas to sustain the biomass of predatory fishes. Predation pressure was found to be a major force structuring the food web, but it is also suggested that water circulation within the lagoon influences the amount of rimary resources, such as plankton, benthic microphytes and detritus.', 'New Caledonia (coral reef lagoon)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(768, 'Abstract. Energy-balanced steady-state models of the fringing and barrier reefs of Tiahura, Moorea Island, French Polynesia, are presented. A total of 43 and 46 trophic groups were identified on the two reef habitats respectively. The models’ outputs indicate that most of the substantial primary productivity is processed and recycled (59–69% of NPP) in the web through detritus based, microbially mediated food webs, with a substantial but secondary flux through grazer-based webs. This mechanism produces long pathways with low trophic effciencies at the higher trophic levels. The trophic structure of both reef habitats effciently conserves energy and materials within the reef ecosystem through two forms of internal recycling: a relatively large cycle produced through detritus and a microbial food web, and a relatively short one directly produced through predation. The models outputs suggest that bottom-up and top-down control are each ecologically important in both reef habitats.', 'French Polynesia (Moorea Island)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1997),
(769, 'General models of the energy flow of the back reef, reef front and slope zones of three coral reef complexes in the Mexican Caribbean are presented. The number of fish species registered varied considerably between reefs with a maximum found on the Mahahual reef slope. Generally, the maximum number of fish species and biomass were registered on the reef slope and the minimum on the back reefs. The greatest species number and flow diversity were obtained in the Mahahual reef. The individuals recorded for the fish feeders were also of greater size in the Mahahual reef. Maximum activity and biomass were found in the deeper Boca Paila and Tampalam habitats. The production and biomass trophic ratios used in this work were shown to be indicators of trophic tendencies of reef fish. However, the relative diVerences between piscivorous, carnivorous, herbivorous and zooplankton feeder fishes were not evident, but there were marked diVerences between biomass or production in each trophic group. Preliminary analysis suggests diVerences in trophic structure and energy flow between semi-protected and unprotected areas. The comparative analysis of this nested set of models using trophic macrodescriptors may provide a useful index of anthropogenic impacts in coral reef ecosystems.', 'Mexico, South Caribbean', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1998),
(770, 'A trophodynamic ecological model was developed through the balance of masses for the fringing reefs that compose the archipelago of the Abrolhos-BA. For the nessessary data gathering to the development of the model we used techniques of visual census for inctiofauna that inhabits the reef, and the incorporation of bibliographical data from another reef areas. The tool used for the modeling was the program Ecopath II (version 3.1) that applies techniques of network analysis through the stable state.', 'Brasil, Abrolhos', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 1998),
(771, 'Because the NW Mediterranean ecosystem has a number of structural features in common with upwelling ecosystems, an ecological model representing the exploited South Catalan Sea was standardized and compared with four previously standardized models from coastal upwelling ecosystems of the Northern and Southern Humboldt (Chile and Peru models) and the Northern and Southern Benguela (Namibia and South Africa models) \r\nAmong the analyses of exploited ecosystems with the Ecopath with Ecosim approach, the comparison of ecological models is a useful exercise to improve knowledge of the structure and functioning of ecosystems and the ecosystem impacts of fishing through useful indicators. Furthermore, by standardizing models of different ecosystems to achieve a common structure to separate biological features from modelling artefacts, these comparisons have been recently applied successfully to four different upwelling ecosystems representing different areas and periods.', 'Mediterranean (Upwellings)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 0);
INSERT INTO `TAB_S2_ModelDescription` (`id_survey`, `Description`, `ModelName`, `s2phys`, `s2phys_key`, `s2bgc`, `s2bgc_key`, `s2life`, `s2life_key`, `s2eco`, `s2eco_key`, `s2fish`, `s2fish_key`, `s2benthic`, `s2benthic_key`, `s2_6environment`, `s2ref`, `registration_date`, `ecopath`, `ecopath_year`) VALUES
(772, 'An ecological model of the exploited South Catalan Sea, NW Mediterranean, was fitted to available time series of data to explore to which extent changes in exploited resources are driven by fishing activities, trophic interactions and environmental factors from 1978 to 2003. Time series comprised fishing effort of trawling, purse seine and longline, fishing mortality, biomasses and catches of sardine and anchovy, abundances of seabirds and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) and catch data of adult and juvenile hake. Results show that 85% of the variance of available time series was explained using fishing, trophic interactions and productivity patterns. The fitting procedure improved the ecological model representing the South Catalan Sea ecosystem and increased its credibility, setting the baseline from where to perform management options to progress towards and ecosystem approach to fisheries in the NW Mediterranean area.', 'Mediterranean (NorthWest 1978-2003)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 0),
(773, 'A trophic mass-balance model of the northern and central Adriatic Sea was developed to characterize the classical food web functioning and structure and to describe the ecosystem impacts of fishing. Important features of the ecosystem were highlighted, such as the key role of coupled pelagicbenthic production of plankton, benthic invertebrates and detritus, and the importance of jellyfish and small pelagic fishes within the system. Fishing activities played top predator roles in the ecosystem, which supported notable fishing impacts. Bottom trawling and mid-water trawling showed the highest impacts on both target and non target species.', 'Adriatic Sea (North and Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 0),
(774, 'A preliminary trophic model of the northern Adriatic Sea, describing the main fishing fleets operating in this highly exploited area, is used to evaluate the effects of MPA institution on ecosystem properties and functioning. Ecospace simulations of MPA of different dimensions (number of cells) allowed evidencing higher positive effects for intermediate MPA dimensions.', 'Italy, North Adriatic Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2003),
(775, 'Using the Ecopath with Ecosim software system, a mass-balanced trophic model of Kuosheng Bay, where the Second Nuclear Power Plant is sited on the coast, was constructed. This model comprised 17 compartments, ranging from a trophic level of 1.00 for primary producers and detritus to 3.97 for piscivorous fish. The geometric mean of the trophic transfer efficiencies was 6.5%. The lower efficiencies were attributable to high flows to detritus, suggesting that the food web was more dependent on detritus than on primary producers to generate total system throughput. The total system throughput, system production, and system biomass were comparable to other reported coastal ecosystems, indicating Kuosheng Bay behaved like a typical coastal ecosystem. The total primary production to total respiratory ratio of 1.06 indicates that Kuosheng Bay is an autotrophic system. The low gross efficiency suggests the low fishing pressure in the bay, which implies that the fishery loss resulted from the power plant through impingement and entrainment was insignificant.', 'Taiwan, Kuosheng Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2004),
(776, 'An Ecopath-Ecosim ecosystem model under development for coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico simulates responses of 63 biomass pools to changes in fisheries and primary productivity. 10 key species are represented by detailed, multi-stanza population dynamics models (31 of the biomass pools) that attempt to explicitly account for possible changes in recruitment rates due to changes in bycatch rates and trophic interactions. Over a 1950-2004 historical reference period, the model shows good simulated agreement with time series patterns estimated from stock assessment and relative abundance index data for many of the species, and in particular offers an explanation for apparent nonstationarity in natural mortality rates of menhaden (declining apparent M\r\nover time). It makes one highly counterintuitive policy prediction about impacts of management efforts aimed at reducing bycatch in the shrimp trawl fishery, namely that bycatch reduction may cause negative impacts on productivity of several valued species (menhaden Brevoortia patronus, red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, red snapper Lutjanus campechanus) by allowing recovery of some benthic predators such as catfishes that have been impacted by trawling but are also potentially important predators on juveniles of the valued species. Recognition of this policy implication would have been impossible without explicit, multistanza representation of juvenile life histories and trophic interactions, since the predicted changes in predation regimes represent only very small overall biomass fluxes.', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, Ecosystem Management', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-13 10:13:55', 1, 2006),
(779, 'Using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, a trophic structure model of the Northern Gulf of California was constructed to represent the main biomass flows in the system. It was based mostly on bibliographic data and provides a snapshot of how the ecosystem operates. The model consisted of 29 functional groups. The total system throughput was 6633 tonnes/km2 per year, from which 51.7% are for internal consumption, 20.0% are for respiration, 16.0% becomes detritus, and 12.2% are removed through commercial fishing. Main results show that most groups were impacted more by predation and competition than by fishing pressure, and that there are some characteristics that indicate that use of the ecosystem is balanced.', 'Mexico, Northern Gulf of California', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(780, 'This paper gives an overview of the trophic interactions in the North Sea in 1981 when 55,000 fish stomachs were sampled and analyzed. The study is based on the data base of the ICES Multispecies Assessment Working Group (MS WG), and published information. The results indicate that the food consumption rates used by the MS WG for three of the important gadoid species are unrealistically low, whereas other\r\nparameters appear very reasonable. Results from mixed trophic impact analysis, trophic aggregation, and other network analyses are presented, and the results are compared with earlier studies of the North Sea food web.', 'North Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1981),
(781, 'A preliminary quantitative model of the trophic structure in Tampamachoco lagoon was obtained using EcopathII and data from relevant studies to date in the area. This is a detritus-based ecosystem. The most important first-level consumers are meiofauna, followed by zooplankton, white mullet, and oysters. ', 'Mexico, Veracruz, Tampamachoco lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1998),
(782, 'A network model of trophic interactions within Palude della Rosa, a shallow water area in the northern part of the Lagoon of Venice, was developed with the objective to coherently quantify state variables as well as matter and energy flows between system components. Structure of flows and their distribution within and between trophic levels were analysed by aggregating single flows into combined flows for discrete trophic levels.', 'Italy, Lagoon of Venice', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1999),
(783, 'Using the ECOPATH 3.0 software system, a balanced trophic model of a sandy barrier lagoon with intensive fishery activities at Chiku in tropical Taiwan was constructed.', 'Taiwan, Southwestern Chiku', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1999),
(784, 'Two software packages are available to analyze ecosystems and to compute ecosystem variables: NETWRK 4.2a and ECOPATH 4.0. A flow model of the northern Benguela ecosystem was used to compare the outputs from these two packages. The northern Benguela ecosystem is a sub-system of the Benguela upwelling ecosystem off the coast of Southern Africa.', 'Southern Africa, Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2000),
(785, 'Energy fluxes in a mangrove ecosystem were evaluated with Ecopath model through a predator:prey matrix with 19 functional groups including primary producers and three levels of carnivores. Some input data (biomass of the fish groups, zooplankton and benthic communities) were obtained from the field and by stomach content analysis of dominant fish species (32) while others were taken from previous studies.', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Mangroves', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2001),
(786, 'The Caete Estuary lies within the worldÂ’s second largest mangrove region, 200 km south-east of the Amazon delta. It has an extension of about 220 km2 and is subjected to a considerable human impact through intensive harvest of mangrove crabs (Ucides cordatus) and logging of mangroves.', 'Brazil, Caete Mangrove Estuary', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2000),
(787, 'We constructed a mass-balanced model of a benthic ecosystem exploited by shrimp trawlers in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The model is based on the software ECOPATH with ECOSIM Version 4a, which takes into account the contribution of functional groups to bycatch. The model represents the state of the ecosystem in 1978/79, and reflects the exploitation rate of shrimp at that time.', 'Mexico, Gulf of California, benthic ecosystem', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(788, 'Pelagic fisheries in the Pacific Ocean target both large (Thunnus spp.) and small tunas (juveniles of Thunnus spp; Katsuwonus pelamis) but also take billfishes (Xiphias gladius, Makaira spp., Tetrapturus spp., Istiophorus\r\nplatypterus) and sharks (Prionace glauca, Alopias superciliosus, Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus longimanus, Galeocerdo cuvieri) as bycatch. We developed a multispecies model using the Ecopath with Ecosim software that incorporated time-series estimates of biomass, fishing mortality, and bycatch rates (1952–1998) to evaluate the relative contributions of fishing and trophic impacts on tuna dynamics in the central Pacific (0°N to 40°N and 130°E to 150°W).', 'Pacific Ocean (Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(789, 'Steady-state trophic flow models of four benthic communities (seagrass, sand–gravel, sand and mud habitats) were constructed for a subtidal area in Tongoy Bay (Chile). Information of biomass, catches, food spectrum and dynamics of the commercial and non-commercial populations was used.', 'Chile, Tongoy Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(790, 'To forecast resource and fishery responses to artificial reefs deployed within no-take marine protected areas, we discuss an application of Ecospace, a policy evaluation tool based on spatially explicit simulation of ecosystem dynamics. We analyse a recent initiative to establish human-made reefs inside Marine Special Areas in Hong Kong.', 'Hong Kong, Marine Special Areas', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(791, 'The Southern Plateau subantarctic region, southeast of New Zealand, is an important feeding area for birds, seals and fish, and a fishing ground for commercially significant species. In order to evaluate the implications of these attributes for the functioning of this ecosystem a steady-state, 19-compartment model was constructed using Ecopath with Ecosim software of Christensen et al.', 'New Zealand, Southern Plateau', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(792, 'We created a food web model for the Baltic Sea proper, using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, to evaluate interactions between fisheries and the food web from 1974 to 2000. The model was based largely on values generated by multispecies virtual population analysis (MSVPA).', 'Baltic Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(793, 'A steady state, mass balance, trophic network has been constructed to illustrate the flow of energy in the Seine Estuary by using Network Analysis and Ecopath methods. This ecosystem shows 15 compartments from primary producers to the top consumers (fish and birds). This study has been compared with other ecosystems of comparable nature located in North America (Narragansett, Chesapeake, Delaware Bays), Europe (Ems Estuary, Dublin Bay and Bay of Somme), and South Africa (Swartkops Estuary) in which analysis of trophic network has been applied with similar methods.', 'France, Normandy, Seine Estuary Eastern Channel', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(794, 'A steady state mass-balance trophic model with Ecopath II was constructed to determine the flow of energy in the trophic network of the Bay of Somme. Parameters were taken or estimated from field and laboratory studies or from literature for fishes and birds. Particulate organic carbon flux has been described in relation to freshwater and tidal inputs.', 'France, Bay of Somme, Eastern Channel', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(795, 'The Huizache–Caimanero coastal lagoon complex on the Pacific coast of Mexico supports an important shrimp fishery and is one of the most productive systems in catch per unit area of this resource. Four other less important fish groups are also exploited. In this study, we integrated the available information of the system into a mass-balance trophic model to describe the ecosystem structure and flows of energy using the ECOPATH approach.', 'Mexico, Huizache–Caimanero Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(796, 'A mass-balanced trophic model was developed for the coral reef lagoon of Uvea atoll (New Caledonia) using the Ecopath software. The model accounts for both pelagic and soft-bottom communities to describe the whole trophic structure and biomass flows in the shallowest part of the atoll lagoon.', 'New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, Uvea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(797, 'Energy fluxes in a mangrove ecosystem were evaluated with Ecopath model through a predator:prey matrix with 19 functional groups including primary producers and three levels of carnivores. Some input data (biomass of the fish groups, zooplankton and benthic communities) were obtained from the field and by stomach content analysis of dominant fish species (32) while others were taken from previous studies.', 'Mexico, Yucatan, Northern Continental Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2001),
(798, 'The Huizache-Caimanero coastal lagoon system supports an economically important artisanal shrimp fishery and a less valuable finfish fishery. We analyze the response of the fisheries and the ecosystem to changes in fishing effort.', 'Mexico, Huizache-Caimanero Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2001),
(799, 'The increased exploitation of pelagic sharks by longline fisheries raised questions about changes in the food webs that include sharks as apex predators. We used a version of Ecopath/Ecosim models to\r\nevaluate changes in trophic interactions due to shark exploitation in the Central North Pacific.', 'Pacific Ocean, North Central', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(800, 'Mass-balanced models of trophic flows in the southern Benguela ecosystem suggest a 10% increase in zooplankton biomass between the 1980s and the 1990s, in agreement with observed trends of increased zooplankton abundance off South Africa over the last few decades. Minimum hake biomass in balanced trophic models is substantially larger than survey and other model estimates, suggesting undersampling of hakes in surveys and underestimation of juvenile hake mortality.', 'South Africa, Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(801, 'A comparison was made using general trophic models of three coral reef slopes in the Mexican Caribbean. Two reef slopes are in semi-protected areas (Boca Paila, Tampalam) and the third is subject to more intense exploitation (Mahahual). The mass-balanced models of the three reef slopes were derived from fish biomass density data obtained directly from field measurements (fish census). Other trophic groups were derived from published sources.', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Boca Paila-Tampalam-Mah', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(802, 'Ecosystem effects of recent changes in fishing strategies in the South Brazil Bight (SBB) area, including increasing squid catches by shrimp bottom trawlers and fishing for young sardines as bait, for the skipjack tuna pole-and-line fishery were investigated by modelling the SBB coastal ecosystem for the 1998–1999 fisheries period, using the mass-balance modelling software, Ecopath with Ecosim.', 'Brazil, South Bight', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(803, 'The impact of some optimized harvesting strategies on ecosystem structure was investigated using a mass-balanced model of the ecosystem in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, where there are four types of artisanal fisheries and a shrimp fishery that has collapsed. The Ecopath with Ecosim software was used to simulate harvesting strategies aimed at optimizing economic (profit), social (jobs), ecological (conservation of ecosystem structure) and shrimp-recovery criteria.', 'Gulf of Mexico, Southwestern Campeche', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(804, 'In La Paz Bay, two artisanal fisheries operate, one based on hook-and-line, targeting snappers and groupers, and the other mainly based on gillnets, targeting species such as tilefish and haemulids. A shrimp fishery, which is not permitted to expand, also operates. We analyzed various harvesting strategies with the Ecopath with Ecosim modelling software, using catch-and-effort data for target species to fit simulated biomasses.', 'Mexico, Baja California Sur, La Paz Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(805, 'Comparative analysis of trophic networks was carried out to evaluate environmental management actions aimed at countering\r\nan environmental crisis in Orbetello Lagoon, Italy. Two mass-balance models of this shallow water coastal system were constructed, for 1995 and 1996. During this period, there was an observed change in the composition of the submerged vegetation that indicated a significant improvement in the lagoonÂ’s ecology. Mass-balance models were built using the Ecopath modelling software in order to explain the energy transfer through the trophic levels (TLs) of the lagoonÂ’s ecosystem.', 'Italy, Orbetello Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(806, 'On the basis of an Ecopath model and Ecosim model simulations, the trophic role of small pelagic fish in the Gulf of Salamanca, a tropical upwelling ecosystem on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, was explored using a combination of fishing vulnerabilities and harvest scenarios. Dynamic simulated changes in the biomass of small pelagic fish caused reallocation of the biomass of higher trophic-level organisms but not of lower trophic-level organisms(plankton).', 'Columbia, Gulf of Salamanca', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(807, 'The Gulf of Paria is a semi-enclosed estuarine area between Trinidad and Venezuela. Fisheries for demersal and pelagic species are important, and shared by nationals from both countries. In this study, a trophic model is constructed, and several whole system statistics and network flow indices determined for this ecosystem. Possible impacts of trawling on the biomass of model components, through simulation of the effects of varying fishing mortality rate, were also explored.', 'Trinidad / Venezuela, Gulf of Paria', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(808, 'Trophic interactions and community structure of commercial fishery species off Central Chile (33◦–39◦S) were analyzed and compared for 1992 and 1998 by ecotrophic modelling, using the Ecopath modelling software. The model encompasses the fishery, pinnipeds (sea lions), small pelagic fish (anchovy, pilchard), medium-sized pelagic fish (horse mackerel), demersal fish (e.g. Chilean hake, black conger), benthic invertebrates (carrot prawn, yellow prawn), and other groups such as zooplankton, phytoplankton, and detritus. Input information for the model was gathered from published and unpublished reports and our own estimates. Also, the effects of fishing and predation on fishery resources and on the most important components of the system were investigated, within an ecotrophic framework.', 'Chile, Central', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(809, 'A balanced trophic model of a Galápagos rocky reef system was constructed using Ecopath and Ecosim. The Ecopath approach allowed characterization of food web structure through integration of disparate ecosystem information derived from many years of study of Galápagos shallow-water rocky reefs. Ecosim and Ecospace routines enabled us to explore various hypotheses about system dynamics as well as potential solutions to conservation concerns about overfishing.', 'Galapagos Archipelago', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(810, 'Phytoplankton blooms are increasingly conspicuous along the worldÂ’s coastlines, and the toxic effects of these blooms have become a major concern. Nutrient enrichment often causes phytoplankton blooms, which decrease water transparency, but little is known about the effects of such light regime changes on whole communities of the continental shelf. A series of simulations designed to evaluate the potential effects of shading by phytoplankton blooms on community organization were conducted using a balanced trophic model of the West Florida Shelf ecosystem and the Ecopath with Ecosim modeling approach.', 'United States, West Florida Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(811, 'Modelling may significantly enhance our understanding of the potential impacts of fisheries at larger spatial scales and on groups that would otherwise be very difficult to study. An aggregated biomass-based simulation model of a Mediterranean infralittoral zone was developed and used to carry out fishing ‘experiments’ where fishing intensity and catch selection were varied. The model was constructed for the Bay of Calvi, Corsica, using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, and was composed of\r\n27 compartments, including seabirds, 11 groups of fish, 12 groups of invertebrates, 2 primary producers, bacteria and detritus.', 'Mediterranean, Corsica, Bay of Calvi', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(812, 'The Cantabrian Sea shelf ecosystem is described using a mass-balance model of trophic interactions, in order to understand the effects of the different fisheries that operate in this area. The study was based on a database of bottom trawl surveys, ICES stock assessment working groups, stomach analyses, fisheries research and was supplemented by published information. The model had 28 trophic groups corresponding to pelagic, demersal and benthic domains, also including detritus and fishery discards. The results indicated that the biomass and production of some groups would be unrealistic if they were independently estimated by single-species assessment approaches.', 'Spain, Cantabrian Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(813, 'Trophic models of the southern Benguela ecosystem have been developed to represent average ecosystem structures for two periods: 1980–1989 and 1990–1997. Ecopath with Ecosim software is used to simulate changes from the 1980s to the 1990s ecosystem structure. Two hypotheses are tested of mechanisms that could cause the changes. First, using the model of the 1980s, four scenarios are considered in which different combinations of fishing mortality rates of sardine, anchovy and horse mackerel are changed to mimic the situation in the 1990s model.', 'South Africa, Southern Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(814, 'Huizache–Caimanero is a tropical brackishwater lagoon in western Mexico where there has been an important shrimp fishery for a long time. Four other, less important fish groups in this ecosystem are also exploited. We use a previously constructed Ecopath model to explore harvesting strategies for multispecies management. Changes in fishing mortality were simulated using the search for optimum strategies implemented in Ecopath with Ecosim.', 'Mexico, Huizache Caimanero Lagoon (2004)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(815, 'The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed sea. Because of its evolution, its flora and fauna not rich. Commercial fishes consist of 15 species or species groups and 3-4 of them are dominant. Origin of the fish species in the Black Sea differs. In this basin warm water and moderately cold water marine fishes, brackish water fishes and some truly anadromous fishes are present. In addition to this, truly migratory species are also found.', 'Black Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2000),
(816, 'The main purpose of this project is primarily to attempt, for the first time to detail a steady-state model of trophic interactions and organic matter transfer in the Icelandic fisheries, using a user friendly software, ECOPATH (version 4 alpha). The rationale behind this, is to present to the Icelanders an optional tool for the evaluation and management of multispecies fisheries such as the Icelandic fisheries. ', 'Iceland, Icelandic Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1999),
(817, 'A mass-balance model of trophic interactions among the key functional groups of Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, is presented, based mainly on published data referring to the period from 1980 to 1989, before the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Balancing of the model required few steps that went beyond the available data; nevertheless, the model is preliminary in that additional ecological information is available on PSW and the functional groups of the organisms therein. Much of this information is not yet incorporated in the model. However, the purpose of this model is to serve as basis for further work, illustrated in two authored appendices, one showing the close match between the trophic levels estimated by the models and estimates based on stable isotope ratios, and the other documenting how inferences on the dynamics of PWS may be derived from its static representation.', 'USA, Alaska, Prince William Sound (Pre-oil spill)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1997),
(818, 'Information about the ecological components of Alaska''s Prince William Sound (PWS) has increased considerably since the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), but the structure and functional characteristics of the overall food web are still not well understood. A better understanding of the whole PWS food web and its dynamics was achieved by constructing a balanced trophic model using the Ecopath approach. This was the best available framework to summarize available ecosystem information in a trophic context, as it explicitly accounts for multi-species interactions. The PWS model is a cohesive synthesis of the overall biotic community with a focus on energy flow structure, and response to perturbations--both natural and anthropogenic. Flows of biomass among the various components of the food web were quantified using estimates provided by a collaborative group of over 35 experts on PWS ecosystem components.', 'USA, Alaska, Prince William Sound', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1999),
(819, 'We employed two inter-related software packages (Ecopath and Ecosim) to describe quantitatively the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem during the 1950s, before large-scale commercial fisheries were underway, and during the 1980s, after many marine mammal populations had declined. We grouped the hundreds of species that make up the Bering Sea ecosystem into 25 functional groups.', 'Alaska, Bering Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1999),
(820, 'This reports documents a workshop held in May 1998 in Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada, devoted to comparing the present Hecate Strait ecosystem with a reconstruction of its previous configuration, 100 years ago. The models were constructed using the Ecopath software and parameterized using data extracted from written and oral sources, notably a variety of knowledgeable stakeholders, including Aboriginal and other fishers.\r\n\r\n', 'Canada, British Columbia, Hecate Strait', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1999),
(821, 'Four Ecopath with Ecosim models were constructed to represent the marine ecosystem of northern British Columbia as it appeared in the years 1750, 1900, 1950 and 2000. The time periods were selected to characterize distinct epochs in the progression of exploitation and ecosystem structure (as required under Back to the Future methodology). Historical, archival and archeological information were used to construct the past models, as well as traditional ecological knowledge gained from community interviews. Approximately 150 species and genera are included, with many more implicit in the models. These players are grouped into 53 functional model groups, arranged by trophic similarity and habitat preference; special distinction is given to commercially important animals. Biomass, production, consumption and diet are among the parameters used to describe each group, as well as period-appropriate fisheries, bycatch and discards. The static Ecopath models described in this report represent the basis of dynamic Ecosim models, which can be used to test hypotheses regarding ecosystem structure/ function and management strategies.', 'Canada, British Columbia - Hecate Strait', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(822, 'Papers in this report set out the sources and derivations of parameters for four Ecopath mass-balance models covering Newfoundland and southern Labrador''s marine ecosystem (DFO statistical areas 2J3KLNO), referring to the historical times 1985, 1995, 1990 and 1450 (approximated as 3- to 5-year averages). The models have 50 compartments, including linked juvenile and adult life history stages for 6 groups of fish. The models include animals, such as walrus, that are locally extinct today. These models span a Newfoundland marine ecosystem that has changed greatly over the past 500 years.', 'Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(823, 'Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) whole-ecosystem models were built for the English Channel (ICES areas VIId and VIIe) for the time periods 1973 and 1995. Using Ecosim, the 1973 model was run forwards with a time-series of fishing mortality data to assess how realistically it predicted the changes in biomass that had occurred. The parameters for both models were modified so that the biomass trends reflected stock assessment data. This ‘tuning’ required slight changes to some of the basic input parameters, the addition of five juvenile groups, and five functions that forced eight groups to react to annual mean water temperature. The final 1995 Ecosim model consisted of 50 functional groups, with nine different fisheries exploiting 31 of these groups. Market prices, fleet profitability and jobs/catch value ratios were used to run policy optimisation with Ecosim.', 'United Kingdom, English Channel', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(824, 'The paper gives a description of the exploited fishery system on the offshore West Greenland shrimp grounds, including recent findings of fish community structure and trophic relationships. Based on the analysis of fish stomachs from the key fish species and estimates of fish abundance from assessment surveys the total annual consumption of northern shrimp and juvenile redfish by predatory fish in 1991-1992 has been calculated. A preliminary attempt to integrate the inter-relationships between the main species and the fishery is made using a balanced, steady state model (the Ecopath II software).', 'Greenland, West', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1994),
(825, 'A steady state model of 17 compartments was constructed for the Tongoy Bay ecosystem using the Ecopath II software of Christensen and Pauly (1992). The system is driven by planktonic production which is governed by periodical intrusions of upwelling water from a nearby upwelling centre. Of the total system bioass, 47% is comprised of benthic invertebrates whose food intake exceeds that of pelagic fish and birds.', 'Chile, Northern, Tongoy Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1994),
(826, 'Energy balanced steady-state models of the fringing and barrier reefs of Tiahura, Moorea Island, French Polynesia, are presented. A total of 43 and 46 trophic groups were identified on the two reef habitats respectively. The models'' outputs indicate that most of the substantial primary productivity is processed and recycled (59-69% of NPP) in the web through detritus based, microbially mediated food webs, with a substantial but secondary flux through grazer based webs.', 'French Polynesia, Moorea Island, Tiahura Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1997),
(827, 'Rivers Inlet, a fjord like area of 1000 km2 on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada, is briefly described, as are the fisheries for salmon and for species other than salmon, notably halibut and rockfishes.', 'Canada, British Columbia, Rivers Inlet', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1999),
(828, 'It has been recognized for some time that coastal ecosystems can be heavily impacted by local or regional human activity. It has become more clear recently that global changes associated with human activity may also unduly alter coastal systems. Increased rates of sea-level rise and of accumulation of atmospheric "greenhouse gases" will cause changes in the position of the land margins and the distributions of the organisms and the processes that occur in coastal environments.', 'United States, Florida, St. Marks Wildlife Refuge', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1994),
(829, 'In this paper, a model was constructed using the Ecopath software, to describe Broa reservoir, Sao Paulo State Brazil, in terms of material or energy flow that the organisms (compartments) interchange. This reservoir was chosen since it is probably the best known reservoir in Brazil.', 'Brazil, Sao Paulo State, Broa Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1996),
(830, 'The food web in Terminos Lagoon, south western Gulf of Mexico, was dominated by the detrital pathway, with benthic invertebrates playing a significant role in transferring energy from detritus to higher trophic levels. The fish yield per unit of net primary production was only 0.04%.', 'Mexico, Terminos Lagoon (Gulf of Mexico)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1998),
(831, 'The Bohai Sea is sea water area with distinct productivity, strong fishing activity and complicated relationship of food web. The living marine resource in the sea, especially the demersal and benthic fish species, were over-exploited and most part of living resources was utilized after 1962.', 'China, Bohai Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 0),
(832, 'The Golfo de Nicoya is among the largest tropical estuaries in Central America and the main, and already overexploited, fishing area of Costa Rica. It can be separated into a shallow interior part fringed by mangroves and mud flats and a deeper part that extends to the shelf edge to about 200 m. In order to integrate available information on biomass, catches, food spectrum and dynamics of the main species populations of the system, a trophic model of 21 compartments was constructed by the use of the Ecopath II software.', 'Costa Rica, Golfo de Nicoya', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 0),
(833, 'This study describes the application of the Ecopath model to a tropical shallow water demersal ecosystem off Terengganu, Malaysia. The ecosystem was partitioned into 13 trophic groups.', 'Malaysia, Terengganu', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1987),
(834, 'The waters around Iceland, fed by the warm gulf stream from the south, offer exceptional conditions for fish stocks to thrive. Since understanding of the marine ecosystem is the foundation of sensible and sustainable harvesting of these resources, a key role has been assigned to marine research.', 'Iceland', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1999),
(835, 'A trophic model of a small West African Coastal Lagoon (Sakumo Lagoon, near Tema, Ghana), consisting of 14 interacting functional groups, was constructed using the Ecopath approach and software, based on field data gathered in the early 1970''s, and reflecting an early stage in the development of this now much-modified ecosystem.', 'Ghana, Sakumo Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(836, 'A multispecies trophic model called Ecopath II, which can be used to describe trophic relationships in aquatic ecosystems on a quantitative basis, is briefly analyzed.', 'Thailand, Ubolratana Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1994),
(837, 'San Miguel is a large embayment along the Pacific Coast of southeast Luzon, Philippines. The estuarine ecosystem therein is described through a mass-balance model that includes 16 functional groups (state variables), representing over 200 exploited fish and commercial invertebrate species, the energy (feeding) fluxes among them, and the multispecies catch of the fisheries, which pit artisanal fishers, using a wide range of gear, against trawl operators.', 'Philippines, San Miguel Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2001),
(838, 'Fluxes of energy for the Maspalomas Lagoon ecosystem were obtained using the Ecopath II steady state ecosystem model. This brackish water ecosystem, which was regenerated in summer 1992, is exposed to a seasonal variability of the main physico-chemical parameters, that is, salinity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen.', 'Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Maspalomas Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1998),
(839, 'Collaborative research in the Weddell Sea performed during the past decade has substantially increased insight into the different community components of this large ecosystem, and has led to a conceptual diagram of the biomass flows among its principal subsytems. In order to integrate the results of the various research efforts directed towards the shelf communities into a coherent whole, a static modelling approach was used to obtain the first balanced model of trophic flows between the dominant groups of the benthic community of the eastern Weddell Sea.', 'Antarctica, Eastern Weddell Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1997),
(840, 'A trophic model of the Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary, Florida, USA was constructed, using the Ecopath II approach for construction of mass-balance ecosystem models, the results of local biomass surveys, and an earlier Ecopath model of a Virgin Island reef. Flows of energy and other relationships between the 20 functional groups in the system were examined, then compared with those in 5 other coral reef ecosystem models.', 'USA, Florida, Looe Key', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1997),
(841, 'By its charter the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), must balance the needs of indigenous traditional owners, commercial and recreational fishing interests, and the conservation requirements of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) marine park’s World Heritage Area status. Under both Commonwealth and State legislation, as well as through international obligations of the World Heritage Area listing, management of the marine park is committed to the ecologically sustainable development of fisheries, and most importantly, conservation of their supporting ecosystems. In the current study the basic Gribble (2000) "GBR prawn" ECOPATH trophic model was expanded into a "linkedecosystems" model, which considered the biodiversity and connecting biomass flows within and between (1) mangrove, (2) lagoon-seagrass, and (3) coral reef systems of the GBR. The GBR linked-ecosystem model is an equilibrium trophic hierarchy, with the biomass flows balanced such that there are not more predators than prey to feed them, nor conversely are there "wasted" prey with insufficient predators to exploit the available resource. Thirty-two trophic guilds were modelled, including 25 from original "GBR prawn" model (Gribble, 2003), plus inshore finfish species groupings and juvenile life-history stages. This spectrum represents a generalised food-web that attempts to capture the major biomass dynamics the and flows within the component GBR systems. The model was implemented by means of ECOPATH EwE (version 5 beta) software using the ECOSIM and ECOSPACE routines for temporal and spatial simulations respectively. The particular application for the model was to identify the effects of the major fisheries in each of the component systems, and the possible confounding effects of independently developed fisheries management plans. Accordingly, long-term temporal simulations of the GBR linked ecosystem model explored the interactions across the line, gillnet and trawl fisheries, and highlighted a number of issues. In both the Sea turtle and Barramundi trophic guilds there were significant interactions between fisheries that are important to the management of these stocks. It appears that there is not a simple intuitive link between fishing pressure and biomass of some targeted species, but a more complex "food-web" effect. Targeting of fish or prawn aggregations by commercial fishers reduces the efficacy of logbook catchper- unit-effort (CPUE) as an index of abundance or biomass because the reported catch rate reflects only the densities of fish or prawns within the aggregation or school, not the unbiased estimate of abundance obtained if the population was randomly sampled. Therefore it would be expected that the biomass trajectory predicted by the ecosystem model and by the logbook data would show a reasonably poor match, as was evident in this study. This result has implications for the reliability of traditional single-species “surplus-production” stock assessment models that use CPUE to model the maximum sustainable yield of a fishery.', 'Australia, Great Barrier Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2005),
(842, 'The trophic role of snappers was evaluated on the continental shelves of the south-western Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan in the south-eastern Gulf of Mexico. Mass-balanced, steady-state trophic models of the two ecosystems were constructed with Ecopath and perturbations were simulated in the ecosystems with Ecosim by increasing fishing mortality. Impacts were measured by changes in biomass of snappers and other groups, and in some indices of stability: persistence, recovery time and resilience. The snapper populations differed between ecosystems. The western Gulf of Mexico system appeared more complex and more stable than the Continental Shelf of Yucatan. Although overall stability indices between ecosystem suggested a similar structure and function, there were clear differences at a group level. Correlation of stability attributes between groups suggested differences in the role of snappers between the ecosystems suggesting that each stock should be managed individually. (C) 1998 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, North Continental Shelf of', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1998),
(843, 'A comparison of the food webs of the eastern and western Bering Sea continental shelf large marine ecosystems (EBS and WBS LMEs) is presented, with a literature review of Russian and English sources for the western Bering Sea food web. A model is constructed using Ecopath, a tool for performing quantitative mass-balance calculations to synthesize food web data. The model focuses on the earliest period for which detailed diet data was available for both systems, 1980-85.', 'USA, Alaska, Bering Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(844, 'Golfo Dulce is a deep tropical estuary whose ecosystem dynamics are poorly understood. In order to evaluate biomass and energy flow distributions, productivity potential, and to obtain guidelines for conservation management, a steady-state model of 20 compartments (excluding detritus) was constructed using the Ecopath II software.', 'Costa Rica, Golfo Dulce', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1996),
(845, 'A preliminary mass-balance trophic model was constructed to determine the flow of energy in a community of fish and invertebrates on the continental shelf of the south-western Gulf of Mexico. Input parameters were taken from the literature, except for the biomass of fish groups, which was obtained from the trawl surveys in the study area.', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, Southwestern', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1998),
(846, '', 'South Georgia / South Orkney Islands', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1999),
(847, '', 'United States. Chesapeake Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(848, 'This contribution documents a first attempt to construct an ecosystem model for the marine ecosystem of Iceland in 1950 based on a present-day (i.e., 1997) model of the same area, and adopting the same structure and species composition. The catch data were adapted from the Sea Around Us project catch database, with discarding and unreported catch explicitly accounted for. Comparison of model prediction with reference time series data for two important species in the fisheries was also carried out, and indicated good correspondence between model predictions and times series data.', 'Iceland 1950', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2001),
(849, '', 'Philippines, Laguna de Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1995),
(850, '', 'Australia, Southern Tasmania', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2001),
(851, '', 'Micronesia, Enewetak Atoll', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1995),
(852, '(Excerpt only). In the present study, we use Ecopath and inverse methods to reconstruct trophic flows through the whole Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystem for the mid 1980''s period, prior to the groundfish stock collapses.', 'Canada, Northern Gulf of the St. Lawrence', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(853, '', 'Australia, Great Barrier Reef, Rib Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2001);
INSERT INTO `TAB_S2_ModelDescription` (`id_survey`, `Description`, `ModelName`, `s2phys`, `s2phys_key`, `s2bgc`, `s2bgc_key`, `s2life`, `s2life_key`, `s2eco`, `s2eco_key`, `s2fish`, `s2fish_key`, `s2benthic`, `s2benthic_key`, `s2_6environment`, `s2ref`, `registration_date`, `ecopath`, `ecopath_year`) VALUES
(854, 'An ecosystem model of the southern Benguela was fitted to available time-series data for the period 1978–2002, to explore how changes in target fish populations in this ecosystem can be attributed to feeding interaction terms and population control patterns, the impact of fishing, and environmental forcing. Fishing patterns were estimated to explain only 2–3% of the variability in the time-series, whereas an estimated productivity forcing pattern applied to phytoplankton explained 4–12% of the variance represented by the sum of squares. Model settings describing prey vulnerability to their predators could explain around 40% of the variability in the time-series. Modelled stock dynamics in the southern Benguela ecosystem more closely represent observed timeseries when wasp-waist control by small pelagic fish is simulated. Overall, model simulations suggest that almost half the variance in the time-series can be explained based on a combination of fishing, vulnerability settings and productivity patterns. Variation in mortalities and prey preferences over time, as well as model fits in relation to available effort series, are discussed. The study advances a model with improved parameterization and credibility to assist with an ecosystem approach to South African fisheries management.', 'South Africa, Southern Benguela (1978-2002)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(855, 'Initial parameter estimates for the reef flat around Santiago Island, Bolinao, Pangasinan, in the Phillipines, were obtained for 24 subcomponents of the ecosystem. Four primary producer groups (benthic seaweed, seagrass, corals and phytoplankton), five invertebrate benthos (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, coral polyps, crustaceans and molluscs), 12 commercially important fish groups, zooplankton, squids and a detritus box were quantified utilizing Ecopath II. Reasonable estimations of ecotrophic efficiencies were obtained for most of the components. The model helped to indicate areas for further investigation of the system, especially biomass estimations of the cryptic species and the food consumption for key top predators such as the moray eel.', 'Philippines, Pangasinan, Bolinao', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(856, 'A steady state trophic model of the coastal fisheries ecosystem of Brunei Darussalam is derived via Ecopath II using selected parameters from studies conducted in the area and the available literature. Biomass estimates of various groups so derived are consistent with independent estimates from demersal trawl and pelagic acoustic surveys conducted in Brunei waters. These estimates of biomass combined with fisheries catches give exploitation rates (E) between 0.011 and 0.191, confirming independent assessments which indicate the coastal fisheries resources to be lightly fished. Selected summary statistics relevant to efficiency of the system are given together with recommendations for research towards refinement of the preliminary model presented.', 'Brunei, Darussalam', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(857, 'This paper is an extension of previous work on Celestun Lagoon, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, a tropical brackish water body of 28.1 km2 and 14.13 million m3. The lagoon system relies upon three main sources of primary productivity, i.e. phytobenthos imports from outside, benthic producers in the system and phytoplankton. The fisheries take 0.061 gm2year from six species of fish and one paenid shrimp. Based primarily on information from the lagoon, a balanced model of the flows in the ecosystem is constructed using the Ecopath II software system. As a number of important parameters had to be estimated based on assumed mass balance, the derived model should be considered preliminary. Fish biomass from swept area analyses were found to be too low to meet demands in the system, indicating sampling problems. The value of a balanced trophic model for closer examination of data quality is apparent', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Celestun Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(858, 'An attempt was made to model a littoral lagoon in the French Mediterranean, the Etang de Thau. The model was structured around commercially important fish groups with a top predator biomass evaluated at 11.0 t.km2. Reasonable estimates of biomasses for the other fish species/groups were obtained. The flows in the system are dominated by the zooplankton and benthic producers.', 'France, Etang de Thau', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(859, 'The ecology of the Garonne River near Toulouse, France, and of one of its semi-isolated meanders or bras mort is described briefly, based mainly on samples collected in April 1990 and 1991 and with emphasis on five species of fishes, and on their prey organisms. This information is used to construct a preliminary springtime trophic model of a segment of the Garonne River, which is then discussed.', 'France, Toulouse, Garonne River', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(860, 'IJsselmeer in the central part of the Netherlands is a 182,000 ha shallow eutrophic freshwater body with an average depth of 4 m. Commercially important fish species are the eel, two predators, pikeperch and perch, and the short-lived smelt.', 'Netherlands, IJsselmeer Lake', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(861, 'An attempt is made to model the eutrophic ecosystem of Lake Aydat in the Massif Central, France, with emphasis on the two dominant fish species, perch and roach. The preliminary model raises interesting questions of trophic inefficiencies and food chain structure. A better understanding of the functioning of the ecosystem has been reached with this model, which includes some extraordinarily long food chains (of up to 9 trophic levels).', 'France, Lake Aydat', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(862, 'The trophic ecosystem modelling software, Ecopath II, was used to analyze the Lake Chad system, Africa, during its "normal" phase, the period between 1969 and 1972. Reasonable estimates of population-related parameters for fish and invertebrate stocks were obtained, and an energy flow diagram for the whole lake is presented.', 'West Africa, Lake Chad', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(863, 'A trophic model of Lake George, Uganda, Central Africa, was constructed using published quantitative and qualitative information on the various biotic components of the lake and the Ecopath II approach and software. It is shown that the available production and biomass estimates for the various groups in the system are consistent with each other, and that it is possible to make a balanced model of the major interactions in Lake George.', 'Uganda, Lake George', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(864, 'Nine major trophic groups were analyzed using the Ecopath II model to assess the trophic interrelationships and community structure of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. The utilization of energy flows, represented by the ecoptrophic efficiencies vary videly among the various groups. The production of S. zambezensis, of macrophytes and of periphyton is apparently little utilized within the system and thus S. zambezensis represents a potentially important source. The utilization of H. vittatus and of the cichlids is moderate, but this inference depends on the reliability of the catch data. The small pelagic Limnothrissa miodon is fairly heavily harvested, although the analysis indicates that fishing mortality could be increased. This, however, depends on the reliability of the P/B ratio. The pelagic food chain appears fully utilized whereas there is room for herbivorous species in the vegetated littoral zone. These two habitats are new to the original riverine fish fauna and only the former has become productive after the introduction of the pelagic L. miodon.', 'Zimbabwe, Lake Kariba', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1992),
(865, 'Data collected over more than 20 years at the Kinneret Limnological Labratory were used in an Ecopath II model of the Lake Kinneret ecosystem, Israel. For this system, very reliable and detailed estimates were available for the biomass and production of phytoplankton and zooplankton and the diet and catches of the main fish species. Recent studies at the Kinneret Laboratory have produced estimates for biomass and production for bacteria and protozoa, allowing these ecosystem components to be included. Among the most important results: 1) the bacterial loop consumes nearly half of the primary production (as detritus); 2) predatory copepods consume at least 4 times more herbivorous zooplankton than do fish, and 3) about 90% of the zooplankton is consumed, so fish populations cannot be much larger than we have estimated these to be.', 'Israel, Lake Kinneret', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(866, 'Lake Malawi contains a pelagic ecosystem which is based on a deep euphotic zone (up tp 60m) and medium primary production (0.7 gCm/day). A trophic box model has been implemented based mainly on investigations conducted from 1977 to 1981. The grazer chain in the pelagic system is dominated by one major pathway: via crustacean zooplankton to a larvae of the lake fly. Nearly all the primary production is estimated to pass through this pathway. Minor pathways pass through zooplanktivorous fish of which the most important are the cyprinid Rastrineobola sardella and a group of haplochromine species (Cichlidae). The top predators constitute a small group of species which feed on fish as well as on Chaoborus larvae. The majority of the Chaoborus production is exported from the lake.', 'Malawi, Lake Malawi', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(867, 'Lake Ontario is one of the Great Lakes of North America. The lake has been intensively studied for many decades and only now is there enough information to attempt development of an energy food web. Unfortunately, not all parameters for the food web are obtainable from the lake itself. Therefore, when necessary, information has been collected from labratory work or from other lakes in the region with similar climate and ecosystem structure.', 'Canada, Lake Ontario', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(868, 'An update of previous estimates of production by the pelagic fish and invertebrate populations of Lake Tanganyika (Burundi sector) of Africa, is presented, along with a revised quantification of their trophic interactions. Two models are provided, pertaining to the periods 1974-1976 (high biomasses) and 1980-1983 (low biomasses). Some implications for research on the living resources of Lake Tanganyika are also presented.', 'Burundi, Lake Tanganyika', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(869, 'The ecotrophic community structure in open Lake Turkana, Kenya, has changed since the early 1970''s when the system appeared limited by zooplankton production and energy was accumulated in stocks of small pelagic species. Later, the slower growing predator stocks of Lates spp. have proliferated and in the late 1980''s energy has accumulated at the top predator level. The result is a strong increase (250%) in predation mortality on small pelagic species. This may explain the fivefold decrease in their biomass which is much more than can be expected from the relative decrease in secondary and primary productivity between the two periods. The regulatory mechanisms in the open lake ecosystem structure seem to have shifted from bottom-up to top-down "control" between 1973 and 1987. Fishing effort should be directed at the Lates spp. and Synodontis stocks and sustainable yields under the present conditions could be strongly increased.', 'Kenya, Lake Turkana', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(870, 'The Ecopath II approach and software were used to construct a box model of the fish community of the Kenyan sector of Lake Victoria before and after the introduction of Nile perch to document how this introduction affected the dynamics of the lake. We demonstrate a change in ecosystem structure and an increase in ecotrophic efficiencies of most components of the ecosystem, following the introduction of Nile perch.', 'Kenya, Lake Victoria', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(871, 'Based on one-year sampling of the communities in the Mandinga Lagoon, Mexico, a model of trophic interactions was constructed. In addition to original data, some parameters were based on information from other Mexican coastal areas. The model is very preliminary, and no catch data are included. The available phytoplankton production estimate was very low and therefore not used; instead a production rate was estimated that could balance consumption by copepods. A balanced ecosystem model could be derived with only minor modifications of the input parameter which shows that the available data are largely internally consistent.', 'Mexico, Veracruz, Mandinga Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(872, 'A preliminary trophic model is presented of the Maputo Bay ecosystem (Mozambique), based on information on the main fisheries in the area. The model was built using the Ecopath II software system (ver. 2.1) so that input and output for all groups in the system are balanced. The model estimates the sum of all production generated in Maputo Bay to 2,650 t.km2year for a total area of about 1100 km2, the annual yield of the fisheries sum to more than 7000 t, accounting for about 1% of the total biological production of the system.', 'Mozambique, Maputo Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(873, 'A preliminary ecosystem trophic structure model was built for Monterey Bay, California, USA, and analyzed using the Ecopath II program. The model has fifteen living boxes plus one box for detritus. Three different primary production values were used to evaluate the model. They correspond to: 1) winter low, 2) mean high upwelling and 3) occasional very high upwelling production observed in the bay. Biomass, ecotrophic efficiencies, flows to detritus and respiration/assimilation estimated by the model were in agreement for values measured in the bay and/or similar environments. This suggests that even though the model is in a preliminary stage, it possesses characteristics of the natural system.', 'United States, California, Monterey Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(874, 'This paper describes an integrated dike-pond farming system in South China, one with a history that goes back to the mid-fourteenth century. The energy flows through the system, which includes among other components, eight fish species are quantified. The system has a very high throughput and production, caused by high imports of manure and concentrated feeds, together with elephant grass, vegetables and mulberry leaves that are produced on the dikes.', 'China, Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Delta', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(875, 'The northeastern Venezuela shelf ecosystem (30,000 km2) is the most productive fishing area in the country. Marine biological productivity is associated with wind induced upwelling in the dry season (November through May) and river runoff in the rainy season (May through November). Considering its regional socioeconomic and scientific importance, available information was analyzed in order to study biomass production and flow by means of the Ecopath II steady state trophic model. The system was divided into 16 species or species groups: small sharks, scombrids and barracudas, snappers and groupers, squids, croakers, carangids, grunts, catfish, mackerel, other demersal fishes, small pelagics, heterotrophic benthos, zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic producers and detritus.', 'Venezuela, Northeastern Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(876, 'The trophic model for the River Thames, England, developed by the International Biological Programme (IBP) is probably the most complete ever constructed for a riverine ecosystem. A Mark 2 model is presented here, constructed using Ecopath II. The model reinforces many conclusions of the earlier study and exposes certain weaknesses. In particular, the trophic role of the main fish populations and of detritus is revised. Certain improvements that could be made to the Mark 2 model are identified, relating to the inclusion of incoming solar energy and to the efficiency of the community in converting solar energy to animal and plant tissue.', 'England, River Thames', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(877, 'The present investigation details the trophic connections existing among the planktonic, pelagic and benthic components of the Pullavali brackishwater, a tropical estuarine ecosystem at the southeast coast of India where such studies have not been made hitherto. The production and loss of energy at successive trophic levels were estimated for a habitat area of 1.5 km2 adopting random sampling, standard methods of R.B. William and assumptions of D.J. Crisp. A comparison made with a shallow temperate estuary (Bogue Sound, North Carolina) showed that the net primary production in the tropical estuarine ecosystem was higher than that of the other ecosystem. However, the Pullavali brackishwater and Bogue Sound showed more or less similar efficiency in the different trophic levels as evidenced by the total fish yields, 0.55% and 0.50% of net primary production, respectively.', 'India, Pullavali Brackishwater', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(878, 'An attempt to construct a trophic model of Veli Lake, southern India, was made using the Ecopath II approach and software. This was used to estimate the biomasses of exploited fish such as mullets, Etroplus, catfishes and prawns and of their preys. Catches from the lake are very high and, in consequence, high biomasses are estimated for most groups.', 'India, Veli Lake', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1993),
(879, 'This piece of work has been realised in collaboration with a group of estuarine biologists and ecologists with particilar skills in the Gironde estuary which is probably the largest estuary of Western Europe. It is famous for its rich array of species and it also has the distinction of being the European estuary with the largest assemblage of diadromous fish making the Gironde a good reference estuary. ', 'France, Gironde Estuary', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(880, 'Comparatively Lake Awassa is one of the most thoroughly studied lakes in Ethiopia. However no attempt was made to bring the available information\r\ntogether in order to see the foodweb relationship in the ecosystem. Perhaps one of the plausible reasons for not modeling lakes till now is lack of comprehensive and easy-to-use model. A friendly software model, Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE), was constructed for Lake Awassa using different published and unpublished data that were originally studied in the lake. Several parameters were also estimated from the present study such as primary productivity, phytoplankton biomass, Tilapia biomass and zoobenthos. The study was conducted between November 2003-August 2004. Thirteen functional groups including two ontogenic groups\r\nwere used in the present analysis to see the trophic relationship and energy flow. The results of the model give an overview of the resources found in the lake simultaneously and reveal the degree of interactions. The consumers are heavily exploited in the system as shown by high ecotrophic efficiency while the producers including detritus are under exploited. Hence energy transfer from lower trophic level seems very low. Flows from detritus were as important as flows from phytoplankton, designating the importance of both detritus and grazing food chain in the system. Mixed Trophic Impact (MTI) analyses indicate that phytoplankton and detritus have positive impact on most other groups. On the other hand, herbivore zooplankton and tilapia had negative impact on phytoplankton, the former being stronger. Lake Awassa has a low ecological efficiency with a value of 0.001. System primary production/ respiration (P/R) ratio of Lake Awassa is 9.844 showing the lake is at developmental stage or a young ecosystem, warning that extra care should be given to human interventions. However, since production is high the lake can contribute in the food self-sufficiency program of the country. This trophic model analysis also enables us to confirm the previous works and pinpoint the critical research gaps. Production, biomass, mortality, feeding, reproduction etc for zoobenthos, Garra sp., Labeobarbus amphigrama and Aplocheilichtyes sp. are open to research. The biomass, mortality etc of Labeobarbus intermidius should also be studied.', 'Ethiopia, Lake Awassa', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(881, 'Conventional Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) tends to show that most ecosystem restoration programs are not worthwhile in economic terms. This is because discounting significantly reduces future net benefits from restoration, since benefits are discounted using the time perspective (i.e., the discounting clock) of the current generation only. I propose the use of what is termed Generational CBA, which discounts net benefits from the perspective of all generations. This CBA takes into account the fact that current restoration efforts may produce benefits to future generations, and that these benefits need to be valued using the respective discounting clocks of the generation receiving the benefits.', 'USA, Columbia River', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(882, 'A one-week workshop was held at the Fisheries Centre, UBC, from November 6-10, 1996, during which ten invited participants, mainly from the scientific community in British Columbia, Alaska and Washington, and Fisheries Centre faculty and graduate students assembled the elements required for preliminary mass-balance models of trophic fluxes in the Alaska Gyre, on the shelf off southern British Columbia, and in the Strait of Georgia.\r\n\r\nSuch mass-balance models were urgently required, as no systematic attempt had been made to verify that commonly-cited biomass, production and consumption rate estimates published for various critical marine groups in these three systems (e.g. salmon, marine mammals), were mutually compatible. The construction of these mass-balance models not only allowed verification (or correction) of previously published flux and biomass estimates, but also identification of major gaps in knowledge, and cost-effective estimation of some of the previously unknown rates and biomasses required for assessment of marine carrying capacity in the Northeastern Pacific.\r\n\r\nEach workshop participant covered a functional group and its associated fluxes: phytoplankton and primary production, zooplankton and secondary production, major fish species and their fisheries, marine mammals and birds and their food consumption.\r\n\r\nModel construction was performed using the well-documented Ecopath approach and software, previously applied to over eighty aquatic ecosystems throughout the world, and of which a pre-release Windows-based version was applied during the workshop.\r\n\r\nThis report documents the parametrization of the three above-mentioned models through short contributions authored by the participants, the construction and validation of these (still) preliminary models, then presents suggestions for their future development and uses.', 'Alaska, Alaska Gyre', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1996),
(883, 'In the central part of the Venice Lagoon fishing grounds\r\nare subjected to intensive exploitation of the invasive species Manila clam and to a traditional fishing activity. The trophic network of the fishing grounds is analysed in order to highlight ecosystem effects of the invasive species and of its exploitation. Results evidenced depletion of ecosystem functioning in central part of Venice lagoon with respect to the past (before clam introduction), the wasp-waist role of Manila clam and the very negative effects that clam harvesting has on artisanal fishery.', 'Italy, Venice Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(884, 'Trophic networks of two typical habitats of the Venice\r\nLagoon, the seagrass meadows and the Tapes philippinarum fishing grounds, which are subjected to mechanical clam harvesting, are compared for evidencing effects of fishing on ecosystem maturity and functioning. Results highlighted the more mature stage of seagrass meadows compared to the fishing grounds and evidenced the positive feedback of sediment resuspension caused by intensive clam fishing on the target species itself.\r\n', 'Italy, Venice Lagoon (energy flow)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(885, 'The North Pacific is a hot-bed for understanding how marine populations are impacted by humans as well as by environmental conditions. The "Thompson-Burkenroad debate" has been ongoing since the late-1940s: what drives the marked fluctuations in Pacific halibut that has been observed over the past century? Dr William Thompson, who started up the work of the International Pacific Halibut Commission, IPHC, argued that the changes in halibut abundance could be fully explained by changes in fishing pressure, i.e. that they were the result of successful management on the part of IPHC, while his adversary, Dr Martin Burkenroad questioned if the populations trends could be accounted for by fishing pressure on its own, or if wasn''t rather a question of environmental factors impacting halibut recruitment. While Thompson and Burkenroad actually never debated the relative role of fisheries and the environment - indeed it may well be that they would actually agree that one factor in itself would not suffice to give us the full explanation their debate has lived on, and both sides still have proponents arguing for one over the other. Examining the Pacific halibut trends now, nearly 60 years after the debate started, still yields inconclusive answers only. We cannot name the culprit.', 'Pacific (Eastern)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2005),
(886, 'Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being recognized as an alternativemanagement tool for conserving marine resources and ecosystems. By integrating organismdispersal rates, ecosystem interactions and fishing effort dynamics, ECOSPACE, a spatially explicit ecosystem-based modeling tool, allowed us to compare the ecological consequences of alternativeMPA zoning policies within the proposed Gwaii Haanas NationalMarine Conservation Area, located off the west coast of British Columbia, Canada. The desired effects of MPAs include higher fishery yields, the conservation of biodiversity, and/or the preservation of intact ecosystems. However, ECOSPACE predicts that when MPAs are small, species interactions and movements may make these objectives difficult to achieve. COSPACE suggests that the effects of MPAs are reduced at their boundaries where fishing effort is predicted to concentrate. Furthermore, top predators may become more abundant within MPAs, which could ead to a depression of their prey species and a subsequent increase of species at even lower trophic levels. Trophic cascade patterns and density gradients across boundaries are nontrivial departures rom our simple expectations of how MPAs protect areas and will force us to reconsider what constitutes effective conservation. Our ECOSPACE model indicates that the establishment of multi-use buffer ones may help alleviate these realistic but worrisome ecological predictions. When coupled with an overall reduction in harvest pressure, ECOSPACE suggests that a MPA with a large core ‘no-take’ zone nd large buffer will result in the greatest increase in organism biomass. The use of marine zoning may be an effective management tactic to reduce social conflict and conserve marine ecosystems.', 'Canada, Gwaii Haanas', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(887, 'We modeled the flow of methyl mercury, a toxic global pollutant, in the Faroe Islands marine ecosystem and compared average human methyl mercury exposure from consumption of pilot whale meat and fish (cod, Gadus morhua) with current tolerable weekly intake (TWI) levels. Under present conditions and climate change scenarios, methyl mercury increased in the ecosystem, translating into increased human exposure over time. However, we saw greater changes as a result of changing fishing mortalities. A large portion of the general human population exceed the TWI levels set by the World Health rganization [WHO; 1.6 µg/kg body weight (bw)], and they all exceed the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 µg/kg bw/day set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; equivalent to a TWI of 0.7 µg/kg w). As a result of an independent study documenting that Faroese children exposed prenatally to methyl mercury had reduced cognitive abilities, pregnant women have decreased their intake of whale meat nd were below the TWI levels set by the WHO and the U.S. EPA. Cod had approximately 95% lower methyl mercury concentrations than did pilot whale. Thus, the high and harmful levels of methyl mercury n the diet of Faroe Islanders are driven by whale meat consumption, and the increasing impact of climate change is likely to exacerbate this situation. Significantly, base inflow rates of mercury into he environment would need to be reduced by approximately 50% to ensure levels of intake below the WHO TWI levels, given current levels of whale consumption. Key words: climate change, Ecopath, Ecosim, Ecotracer, mercury, pollutant, trophic modeling. Environ Health Perspect 113:521–526 (2005). doi:10.1289/ehp.7603 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 2 February 2005]', 'Faroe Islands (Denmark)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2005),
(888, 'This study is the first application of spatial (ECOSPACE) modelling to Hong Kong and adjacent PRC inshore waters and evaluates the effectiveness of different FPA configurations in the Tap Mun/Tolo Harbour and Outer Port Shelter FPAs shown below. The overall modelling also evaluates the benefits of recent AR/FPA initiatives in banning trawling at FPAs, Marine Parks and at the newly established Marine Exclusion Zone at Chek Lap Kok. Lastly, the study assesses the implication of a 2-month trawl moratorium in adjacent PRC inshore waters.', 'Hong Kong, China 1990', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2002),
(889, 'The PICES Carrying Capacity and Climate Change (CCCC) BAsin Scale Studies (BASS) Task eam was established to facilitate studies of the impacts of climate change and limate variability on the physical and biological processes in the gyres of the estern and eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean.\r\nIn general, the oceanography and ecology of the eastern (ESA) and western (WSA) asins of the subarctic Pacific (Fig. 1) are poorly understood relative to the coastal reas. It is known that the central subarctic Pacific is productive as indicated by the large abundance of Pacific salmon, squid and other important fishes. Recent studies also suggest that the oceanography of the gyres is closely linked to the decadal scale changes in climate. Therefore, it is important that there is a co-ordinated effort to focus on the priority research issues, and to exchange scientific information on a timely basis.', 'Pacific Basin, (Subartic)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(890, 'Recent studies quantify species interactions in the central Baltic Sea and emphasize their importance in defining long-term management strategies. Four preliminary mass-balance models of carbon flow are presented for this area (approximately ICES subdivisions 25-29) by season, based on estimates of standing stock and energy flow from the late 1980''s / early 1990''s. The construction of the models emphasizes on the commercially most important fish species, herring, sprat, and cod. Further included are primary producers, several groups of planktonic invertebrates and benthos, as well as commercially less important fish. The models are analyzed and compared by means of network analysis, and discussed in view of existing multispecies approaches to the central Baltic.', 'Baltic Sea (Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1995),
(891, 'The Ecopath trophic model has been used to describe an extensive study of the trophic relationships of the Parakrama Samudra reservoir, Sri Lanka, during the 1970''s. It has supported preliminary assessments made regarding the importance of unexploited fish stocks and can possibly provide the link to understanding the further evolution of the lake under various fisheries management schemes.', 'Sri Lanka, Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2001),
(892, 'Recent calls for a more holistic approach to fisheries management have motivated development of trophic mass-balance models of ecosystems that underlie fisheries production. We developed a model hypothesis of the pelagic ecosystem in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) to gain insight into the relationships among the various species in the system and to explore the ecological implications of alternative methods of harvesting tunas. We represented the biomasses of and fluxes between the principal elements in the ecosystem with Ecopath, and examined the ecosystem''s dynamic, time-series behavior with Ecosim.', 'Pacific Ocean (Eastern Tropical)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(893, 'Five thermodynamically balanced models of the trophic interactions and organic matter transfer between compartments of a Caribbean coral reef system are presented. Inputs to the models were obtained from published data and from parameter estimates based on multivariate statistics. The models were analyzed using the ECOPATH II program (Version 1 .O) of Daniel Pauly, Villy Christensen and coworkers at the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) (in Manila, Philippines) which combines elements of network flow analysis with the steady-state approach of Jeffrey Polovina''s original ECOPATH. A single model with 50 boxes, 2 models with 20 boxes and 2 with 11 boxes were constructed, based on two different methods of aggregation. Their features were compared.\r\nThese balanced models indicate that coral reef systems are in a "steady-state" or "flow- through equilibrium", when the appropriate spatial and temporal scale is selected. This implies that investigations on reef community structure which relied on a small spatial scale, and which suggest a high degree of stochastic variability may not address issues related to the stability of structures at larger scales.', 'Caribbean Sea (Coral reefs)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1996),
(894, 'A mass-balanced trophic model was developed for the coral reef lagoon of Uvea atoll (New Caledonia) using the Ecopath software. The model accounts for both pelagic and soft-bottom communities to describe the whole trophic structure and biomass flows in the shallowest part of the atoll lagoon. Phytoplankton production approximately equals the benthic primary production. Benthic biomass accounts for more than 80% of the total living biomass in the shallow lagoon. The benthic domain requires input of food from the pelagic system (mainly zooplankton) and from adjacent areas to sustain the biomass of predatory fishes. Predation pressure was found to be a major force structuring the food web, but it is also suggested that water circulation within the lagoon influences the amount of rimary resources, such as plankton, benthic microphytes and detritus.', 'New Caledonia (coral reef lagoon)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(895, 'Abstract. Energy-balanced steady-state models of the fringing and barrier reefs of Tiahura, Moorea Island, French Polynesia, are presented. A total of 43 and 46 trophic groups were identified on the two reef habitats respectively. The models’ outputs indicate that most of the substantial primary productivity is processed and recycled (59–69% of NPP) in the web through detritus based, microbially mediated food webs, with a substantial but secondary flux through grazer-based webs. This mechanism produces long pathways with low trophic effciencies at the higher trophic levels. The trophic structure of both reef habitats effciently conserves energy and materials within the reef ecosystem through two forms of internal recycling: a relatively large cycle produced through detritus and a microbial food web, and a relatively short one directly produced through predation. The models outputs suggest that bottom-up and top-down control are each ecologically important in both reef habitats.', 'French Polynesia (Moorea Island)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1997),
(896, 'General models of the energy flow of the back reef, reef front and slope zones of three coral reef complexes in the Mexican Caribbean are presented. The number of fish species registered varied considerably between reefs with a maximum found on the Mahahual reef slope. Generally, the maximum number of fish species and biomass were registered on the reef slope and the minimum on the back reefs. The greatest species number and flow diversity were obtained in the Mahahual reef. The individuals recorded for the fish feeders were also of greater size in the Mahahual reef. Maximum activity and biomass were found in the deeper Boca Paila and Tampalam habitats. The production and biomass trophic ratios used in this work were shown to be indicators of trophic tendencies of reef fish. However, the relative diVerences between piscivorous, carnivorous, herbivorous and zooplankton feeder fishes were not evident, but there were marked diVerences between biomass or production in each trophic group. Preliminary analysis suggests diVerences in trophic structure and energy flow between semi-protected and unprotected areas. The comparative analysis of this nested set of models using trophic macrodescriptors may provide a useful index of anthropogenic impacts in coral reef ecosystems.', 'Mexico, South Caribbean', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1998),
(897, 'A trophodynamic ecological model was developed through the balance of masses for the fringing reefs that compose the archipelago of the Abrolhos-BA. For the nessessary data gathering to the development of the model we used techniques of visual census for inctiofauna that inhabits the reef, and the incorporation of bibliographical data from another reef areas. The tool used for the modeling was the program Ecopath II (version 3.1) that applies techniques of network analysis through the stable state.', 'Brasil, Abrolhos', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 1998),
(898, 'Because the NW Mediterranean ecosystem has a number of structural features in common with upwelling ecosystems, an ecological model representing the exploited South Catalan Sea was standardized and compared with four previously standardized models from coastal upwelling ecosystems of the Northern and Southern Humboldt (Chile and Peru models) and the Northern and Southern Benguela (Namibia and South Africa models) \r\nAmong the analyses of exploited ecosystems with the Ecopath with Ecosim approach, the comparison of ecological models is a useful exercise to improve knowledge of the structure and functioning of ecosystems and the ecosystem impacts of fishing through useful indicators. Furthermore, by standardizing models of different ecosystems to achieve a common structure to separate biological features from modelling artefacts, these comparisons have been recently applied successfully to four different upwelling ecosystems representing different areas and periods.', 'Mediterranean (Upwellings)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 0),
(899, 'An ecological model of the exploited South Catalan Sea, NW Mediterranean, was fitted to available time series of data to explore to which extent changes in exploited resources are driven by fishing activities, trophic interactions and environmental factors from 1978 to 2003. Time series comprised fishing effort of trawling, purse seine and longline, fishing mortality, biomasses and catches of sardine and anchovy, abundances of seabirds and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) and catch data of adult and juvenile hake. Results show that 85% of the variance of available time series was explained using fishing, trophic interactions and productivity patterns. The fitting procedure improved the ecological model representing the South Catalan Sea ecosystem and increased its credibility, setting the baseline from where to perform management options to progress towards and ecosystem approach to fisheries in the NW Mediterranean area.', 'Mediterranean (NorthWest 1978-2003)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 0),
(900, 'A trophic mass-balance model of the northern and central Adriatic Sea was developed to characterize the classical food web functioning and structure and to describe the ecosystem impacts of fishing. Important features of the ecosystem were highlighted, such as the key role of coupled pelagicbenthic production of plankton, benthic invertebrates and detritus, and the importance of jellyfish and small pelagic fishes within the system. Fishing activities played top predator roles in the ecosystem, which supported notable fishing impacts. Bottom trawling and mid-water trawling showed the highest impacts on both target and non target species.', 'Adriatic Sea (North and Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 0),
(901, 'A preliminary trophic model of the northern Adriatic Sea, describing the main fishing fleets operating in this highly exploited area, is used to evaluate the effects of MPA institution on ecosystem properties and functioning. Ecospace simulations of MPA of different dimensions (number of cells) allowed evidencing higher positive effects for intermediate MPA dimensions.', 'Italy, North Adriatic Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2003),
(902, 'Using the Ecopath with Ecosim software system, a mass-balanced trophic model of Kuosheng Bay, where the Second Nuclear Power Plant is sited on the coast, was constructed. This model comprised 17 compartments, ranging from a trophic level of 1.00 for primary producers and detritus to 3.97 for piscivorous fish. The geometric mean of the trophic transfer efficiencies was 6.5%. The lower efficiencies were attributable to high flows to detritus, suggesting that the food web was more dependent on detritus than on primary producers to generate total system throughput. The total system throughput, system production, and system biomass were comparable to other reported coastal ecosystems, indicating Kuosheng Bay behaved like a typical coastal ecosystem. The total primary production to total respiratory ratio of 1.06 indicates that Kuosheng Bay is an autotrophic system. The low gross efficiency suggests the low fishing pressure in the bay, which implies that the fishery loss resulted from the power plant through impingement and entrainment was insignificant.', 'Taiwan, Kuosheng Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2004),
(903, 'An Ecopath-Ecosim ecosystem model under development for coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico simulates responses of 63 biomass pools to changes in fisheries and primary productivity. 10 key species are represented by detailed, multi-stanza population dynamics models (31 of the biomass pools) that attempt to explicitly account for possible changes in recruitment rates due to changes in bycatch rates and trophic interactions. Over a 1950-2004 historical reference period, the model shows good simulated agreement with time series patterns estimated from stock assessment and relative abundance index data for many of the species, and in particular offers an explanation for apparent nonstationarity in natural mortality rates of menhaden (declining apparent M\r\nover time). It makes one highly counterintuitive policy prediction about impacts of management efforts aimed at reducing bycatch in the shrimp trawl fishery, namely that bycatch reduction may cause negative impacts on productivity of several valued species (menhaden Brevoortia patronus, red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, red snapper Lutjanus campechanus) by allowing recovery of some benthic predators such as catfishes that have been impacted by trawling but are also potentially important predators on juveniles of the valued species. Recognition of this policy implication would have been impossible without explicit, multistanza representation of juvenile life histories and trophic interactions, since the predicted changes in predation regimes represent only very small overall biomass fluxes.', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, Ecosystem Management', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-03-15 14:34:22', 1, 2006),
(908, 'Using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, a trophic structure model of the Northern Gulf of California was constructed to represent the main biomass flows in the system. It was based mostly on bibliographic data and provides a snapshot of how the ecosystem operates. The model consisted of 29 functional groups. The total system throughput was 6633 tonnes/km2 per year, from which 51.7% are for internal consumption, 20.0% are for respiration, 16.0% becomes detritus, and 12.2% are removed through commercial fishing. Main results show that most groups were impacted more by predation and competition than by fishing pressure, and that there are some characteristics that indicate that use of the ecosystem is balanced.', 'Mexico, Northern Gulf of California', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(909, 'This paper gives an overview of the trophic interactions in the North Sea in 1981 when 55,000 fish stomachs were sampled and analyzed. The study is based on the data base of the ICES Multispecies Assessment Working Group (MS WG), and published information. The results indicate that the food consumption rates used by the MS WG for three of the important gadoid species are unrealistically low, whereas other\r\nparameters appear very reasonable. Results from mixed trophic impact analysis, trophic aggregation, and other network analyses are presented, and the results are compared with earlier studies of the North Sea food web.', 'North Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 1981),
(910, 'A preliminary quantitative model of the trophic structure in Tampamachoco lagoon was obtained using EcopathII and data from relevant studies to date in the area. This is a detritus-based ecosystem. The most important first-level consumers are meiofauna, followed by zooplankton, white mullet, and oysters. ', 'Mexico, Veracruz, Tampamachoco lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 1998),
(911, 'A network model of trophic interactions within Palude della Rosa, a shallow water area in the northern part of the Lagoon of Venice, was developed with the objective to coherently quantify state variables as well as matter and energy flows between system components. Structure of flows and their distribution within and between trophic levels were analysed by aggregating single flows into combined flows for discrete trophic levels.', 'Italy, Lagoon of Venice', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 1999),
(912, 'Using the ECOPATH 3.0 software system, a balanced trophic model of a sandy barrier lagoon with intensive fishery activities at Chiku in tropical Taiwan was constructed.', 'Taiwan, Southwestern Chiku', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 1999);
INSERT INTO `TAB_S2_ModelDescription` (`id_survey`, `Description`, `ModelName`, `s2phys`, `s2phys_key`, `s2bgc`, `s2bgc_key`, `s2life`, `s2life_key`, `s2eco`, `s2eco_key`, `s2fish`, `s2fish_key`, `s2benthic`, `s2benthic_key`, `s2_6environment`, `s2ref`, `registration_date`, `ecopath`, `ecopath_year`) VALUES
(913, 'Two software packages are available to analyze ecosystems and to compute ecosystem variables: NETWRK 4.2a and ECOPATH 4.0. A flow model of the northern Benguela ecosystem was used to compare the outputs from these two packages. The northern Benguela ecosystem is a sub-system of the Benguela upwelling ecosystem off the coast of Southern Africa.', 'Southern Africa, Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2000),
(914, 'Energy fluxes in a mangrove ecosystem were evaluated with Ecopath model through a predator:prey matrix with 19 functional groups including primary producers and three levels of carnivores. Some input data (biomass of the fish groups, zooplankton and benthic communities) were obtained from the field and by stomach content analysis of dominant fish species (32) while others were taken from previous studies.', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Mangroves', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2001),
(915, 'The Caete Estuary lies within the worldÂ’s second largest mangrove region, 200 km south-east of the Amazon delta. It has an extension of about 220 km2 and is subjected to a considerable human impact through intensive harvest of mangrove crabs (Ucides cordatus) and logging of mangroves.', 'Brazil, Caete Mangrove Estuary', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2000),
(916, 'We constructed a mass-balanced model of a benthic ecosystem exploited by shrimp trawlers in the Gulf of California, Mexico. The model is based on the software ECOPATH with ECOSIM Version 4a, which takes into account the contribution of functional groups to bycatch. The model represents the state of the ecosystem in 1978/79, and reflects the exploitation rate of shrimp at that time.', 'Mexico, Gulf of California, benthic ecosystem', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2002),
(917, 'Pelagic fisheries in the Pacific Ocean target both large (Thunnus spp.) and small tunas (juveniles of Thunnus spp; Katsuwonus pelamis) but also take billfishes (Xiphias gladius, Makaira spp., Tetrapturus spp., Istiophorus\r\nplatypterus) and sharks (Prionace glauca, Alopias superciliosus, Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus longimanus, Galeocerdo cuvieri) as bycatch. We developed a multispecies model using the Ecopath with Ecosim software that incorporated time-series estimates of biomass, fishing mortality, and bycatch rates (1952–1998) to evaluate the relative contributions of fishing and trophic impacts on tuna dynamics in the central Pacific (0°N to 40°N and 130°E to 150°W).', 'Pacific Ocean (Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2002),
(918, 'Steady-state trophic flow models of four benthic communities (seagrass, sand–gravel, sand and mud habitats) were constructed for a subtidal area in Tongoy Bay (Chile). Information of biomass, catches, food spectrum and dynamics of the commercial and non-commercial populations was used.', 'Chile, Tongoy Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2002),
(919, 'To forecast resource and fishery responses to artificial reefs deployed within no-take marine protected areas, we discuss an application of Ecospace, a policy evaluation tool based on spatially explicit simulation of ecosystem dynamics. We analyse a recent initiative to establish human-made reefs inside Marine Special Areas in Hong Kong.', 'Hong Kong, Marine Special Areas', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2002),
(920, 'The Southern Plateau subantarctic region, southeast of New Zealand, is an important feeding area for birds, seals and fish, and a fishing ground for commercially significant species. In order to evaluate the implications of these attributes for the functioning of this ecosystem a steady-state, 19-compartment model was constructed using Ecopath with Ecosim software of Christensen et al.', 'New Zealand, Southern Plateau', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2002),
(921, 'We created a food web model for the Baltic Sea proper, using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, to evaluate interactions between fisheries and the food web from 1974 to 2000. The model was based largely on values generated by multispecies virtual population analysis (MSVPA).', 'Baltic Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2003),
(922, 'A steady state, mass balance, trophic network has been constructed to illustrate the flow of energy in the Seine Estuary by using Network Analysis and Ecopath methods. This ecosystem shows 15 compartments from primary producers to the top consumers (fish and birds). This study has been compared with other ecosystems of comparable nature located in North America (Narragansett, Chesapeake, Delaware Bays), Europe (Ems Estuary, Dublin Bay and Bay of Somme), and South Africa (Swartkops Estuary) in which analysis of trophic network has been applied with similar methods.', 'France, Normandy, Seine Estuary Eastern Channel', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2003),
(923, 'A steady state mass-balance trophic model with Ecopath II was constructed to determine the flow of energy in the trophic network of the Bay of Somme. Parameters were taken or estimated from field and laboratory studies or from literature for fishes and birds. Particulate organic carbon flux has been described in relation to freshwater and tidal inputs.', 'France, Bay of Somme, Eastern Channel', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2003),
(924, 'The Huizache–Caimanero coastal lagoon complex on the Pacific coast of Mexico supports an important shrimp fishery and is one of the most productive systems in catch per unit area of this resource. Four other less important fish groups are also exploited. In this study, we integrated the available information of the system into a mass-balance trophic model to describe the ecosystem structure and flows of energy using the ECOPATH approach.', 'Mexico, Huizache–Caimanero Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2003),
(925, 'A mass-balanced trophic model was developed for the coral reef lagoon of Uvea atoll (New Caledonia) using the Ecopath software. The model accounts for both pelagic and soft-bottom communities to describe the whole trophic structure and biomass flows in the shallowest part of the atoll lagoon.', 'New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, Uvea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(926, 'Energy fluxes in a mangrove ecosystem were evaluated with Ecopath model through a predator:prey matrix with 19 functional groups including primary producers and three levels of carnivores. Some input data (biomass of the fish groups, zooplankton and benthic communities) were obtained from the field and by stomach content analysis of dominant fish species (32) while others were taken from previous studies.', 'Mexico, Yucatan, Northern Continental Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2001),
(927, 'The Huizache-Caimanero coastal lagoon system supports an economically important artisanal shrimp fishery and a less valuable finfish fishery. We analyze the response of the fisheries and the ecosystem to changes in fishing effort.', 'Mexico, Huizache-Caimanero Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2001),
(928, 'The increased exploitation of pelagic sharks by longline fisheries raised questions about changes in the food webs that include sharks as apex predators. We used a version of Ecopath/Ecosim models to\r\nevaluate changes in trophic interactions due to shark exploitation in the Central North Pacific.', 'Pacific Ocean, North Central', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2002),
(929, 'Mass-balanced models of trophic flows in the southern Benguela ecosystem suggest a 10% increase in zooplankton biomass between the 1980s and the 1990s, in agreement with observed trends of increased zooplankton abundance off South Africa over the last few decades. Minimum hake biomass in balanced trophic models is substantially larger than survey and other model estimates, suggesting undersampling of hakes in surveys and underestimation of juvenile hake mortality.', 'South Africa, Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2003),
(930, 'A comparison was made using general trophic models of three coral reef slopes in the Mexican Caribbean. Two reef slopes are in semi-protected areas (Boca Paila, Tampalam) and the third is subject to more intense exploitation (Mahahual). The mass-balanced models of the three reef slopes were derived from fish biomass density data obtained directly from field measurements (fish census). Other trophic groups were derived from published sources.', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Boca Paila-Tampalam-Mah', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(931, 'Ecosystem effects of recent changes in fishing strategies in the South Brazil Bight (SBB) area, including increasing squid catches by shrimp bottom trawlers and fishing for young sardines as bait, for the skipjack tuna pole-and-line fishery were investigated by modelling the SBB coastal ecosystem for the 1998–1999 fisheries period, using the mass-balance modelling software, Ecopath with Ecosim.', 'Brazil, South Bight', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(932, 'The impact of some optimized harvesting strategies on ecosystem structure was investigated using a mass-balanced model of the ecosystem in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, where there are four types of artisanal fisheries and a shrimp fishery that has collapsed. The Ecopath with Ecosim software was used to simulate harvesting strategies aimed at optimizing economic (profit), social (jobs), ecological (conservation of ecosystem structure) and shrimp-recovery criteria.', 'Gulf of Mexico, Southwestern Campeche', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(933, 'In La Paz Bay, two artisanal fisheries operate, one based on hook-and-line, targeting snappers and groupers, and the other mainly based on gillnets, targeting species such as tilefish and haemulids. A shrimp fishery, which is not permitted to expand, also operates. We analyzed various harvesting strategies with the Ecopath with Ecosim modelling software, using catch-and-effort data for target species to fit simulated biomasses.', 'Mexico, Baja California Sur, La Paz Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(934, 'Comparative analysis of trophic networks was carried out to evaluate environmental management actions aimed at countering\r\nan environmental crisis in Orbetello Lagoon, Italy. Two mass-balance models of this shallow water coastal system were constructed, for 1995 and 1996. During this period, there was an observed change in the composition of the submerged vegetation that indicated a significant improvement in the lagoonÂ’s ecology. Mass-balance models were built using the Ecopath modelling software in order to explain the energy transfer through the trophic levels (TLs) of the lagoonÂ’s ecosystem.', 'Italy, Orbetello Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(935, 'On the basis of an Ecopath model and Ecosim model simulations, the trophic role of small pelagic fish in the Gulf of Salamanca, a tropical upwelling ecosystem on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, was explored using a combination of fishing vulnerabilities and harvest scenarios. Dynamic simulated changes in the biomass of small pelagic fish caused reallocation of the biomass of higher trophic-level organisms but not of lower trophic-level organisms(plankton).', 'Columbia, Gulf of Salamanca', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(936, 'The Gulf of Paria is a semi-enclosed estuarine area between Trinidad and Venezuela. Fisheries for demersal and pelagic species are important, and shared by nationals from both countries. In this study, a trophic model is constructed, and several whole system statistics and network flow indices determined for this ecosystem. Possible impacts of trawling on the biomass of model components, through simulation of the effects of varying fishing mortality rate, were also explored.', 'Trinidad / Venezuela, Gulf of Paria', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(937, 'Trophic interactions and community structure of commercial fishery species off Central Chile (33◦–39◦S) were analyzed and compared for 1992 and 1998 by ecotrophic modelling, using the Ecopath modelling software. The model encompasses the fishery, pinnipeds (sea lions), small pelagic fish (anchovy, pilchard), medium-sized pelagic fish (horse mackerel), demersal fish (e.g. Chilean hake, black conger), benthic invertebrates (carrot prawn, yellow prawn), and other groups such as zooplankton, phytoplankton, and detritus. Input information for the model was gathered from published and unpublished reports and our own estimates. Also, the effects of fishing and predation on fishery resources and on the most important components of the system were investigated, within an ecotrophic framework.', 'Chile, Central', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:38', 1, 2004),
(938, 'A balanced trophic model of a Galápagos rocky reef system was constructed using Ecopath and Ecosim. The Ecopath approach allowed characterization of food web structure through integration of disparate ecosystem information derived from many years of study of Galápagos shallow-water rocky reefs. Ecosim and Ecospace routines enabled us to explore various hypotheses about system dynamics as well as potential solutions to conservation concerns about overfishing.', 'Galapagos Archipelago', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(939, 'Phytoplankton blooms are increasingly conspicuous along the worldÂ’s coastlines, and the toxic effects of these blooms have become a major concern. Nutrient enrichment often causes phytoplankton blooms, which decrease water transparency, but little is known about the effects of such light regime changes on whole communities of the continental shelf. A series of simulations designed to evaluate the potential effects of shading by phytoplankton blooms on community organization were conducted using a balanced trophic model of the West Florida Shelf ecosystem and the Ecopath with Ecosim modeling approach.', 'United States, West Florida Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(940, 'Modelling may significantly enhance our understanding of the potential impacts of fisheries at larger spatial scales and on groups that would otherwise be very difficult to study. An aggregated biomass-based simulation model of a Mediterranean infralittoral zone was developed and used to carry out fishing ‘experiments’ where fishing intensity and catch selection were varied. The model was constructed for the Bay of Calvi, Corsica, using the Ecopath with Ecosim software, and was composed of\r\n27 compartments, including seabirds, 11 groups of fish, 12 groups of invertebrates, 2 primary producers, bacteria and detritus.', 'Mediterranean, Corsica, Bay of Calvi', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(941, 'The Cantabrian Sea shelf ecosystem is described using a mass-balance model of trophic interactions, in order to understand the effects of the different fisheries that operate in this area. The study was based on a database of bottom trawl surveys, ICES stock assessment working groups, stomach analyses, fisheries research and was supplemented by published information. The model had 28 trophic groups corresponding to pelagic, demersal and benthic domains, also including detritus and fishery discards. The results indicated that the biomass and production of some groups would be unrealistic if they were independently estimated by single-species assessment approaches.', 'Spain, Cantabrian Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(942, 'Trophic models of the southern Benguela ecosystem have been developed to represent average ecosystem structures for two periods: 1980–1989 and 1990–1997. Ecopath with Ecosim software is used to simulate changes from the 1980s to the 1990s ecosystem structure. Two hypotheses are tested of mechanisms that could cause the changes. First, using the model of the 1980s, four scenarios are considered in which different combinations of fishing mortality rates of sardine, anchovy and horse mackerel are changed to mimic the situation in the 1990s model.', 'South Africa, Southern Benguela', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(943, 'Huizache–Caimanero is a tropical brackishwater lagoon in western Mexico where there has been an important shrimp fishery for a long time. Four other, less important fish groups in this ecosystem are also exploited. We use a previously constructed Ecopath model to explore harvesting strategies for multispecies management. Changes in fishing mortality were simulated using the search for optimum strategies implemented in Ecopath with Ecosim.', 'Mexico, Huizache Caimanero Lagoon (2004)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(944, 'The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed sea. Because of its evolution, its flora and fauna not rich. Commercial fishes consist of 15 species or species groups and 3-4 of them are dominant. Origin of the fish species in the Black Sea differs. In this basin warm water and moderately cold water marine fishes, brackish water fishes and some truly anadromous fishes are present. In addition to this, truly migratory species are also found.', 'Black Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2000),
(945, 'The main purpose of this project is primarily to attempt, for the first time to detail a steady-state model of trophic interactions and organic matter transfer in the Icelandic fisheries, using a user friendly software, ECOPATH (version 4 alpha). The rationale behind this, is to present to the Icelanders an optional tool for the evaluation and management of multispecies fisheries such as the Icelandic fisheries. ', 'Iceland, Icelandic Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1999),
(946, 'A mass-balance model of trophic interactions among the key functional groups of Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, is presented, based mainly on published data referring to the period from 1980 to 1989, before the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Balancing of the model required few steps that went beyond the available data; nevertheless, the model is preliminary in that additional ecological information is available on PSW and the functional groups of the organisms therein. Much of this information is not yet incorporated in the model. However, the purpose of this model is to serve as basis for further work, illustrated in two authored appendices, one showing the close match between the trophic levels estimated by the models and estimates based on stable isotope ratios, and the other documenting how inferences on the dynamics of PWS may be derived from its static representation.', 'USA, Alaska, Prince William Sound (Pre-oil spill)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1997),
(947, 'Information about the ecological components of Alaska''s Prince William Sound (PWS) has increased considerably since the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), but the structure and functional characteristics of the overall food web are still not well understood. A better understanding of the whole PWS food web and its dynamics was achieved by constructing a balanced trophic model using the Ecopath approach. This was the best available framework to summarize available ecosystem information in a trophic context, as it explicitly accounts for multi-species interactions. The PWS model is a cohesive synthesis of the overall biotic community with a focus on energy flow structure, and response to perturbations--both natural and anthropogenic. Flows of biomass among the various components of the food web were quantified using estimates provided by a collaborative group of over 35 experts on PWS ecosystem components.', 'USA, Alaska, Prince William Sound', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1999),
(948, 'We employed two inter-related software packages (Ecopath and Ecosim) to describe quantitatively the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem during the 1950s, before large-scale commercial fisheries were underway, and during the 1980s, after many marine mammal populations had declined. We grouped the hundreds of species that make up the Bering Sea ecosystem into 25 functional groups.', 'Alaska, Bering Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1999),
(949, 'This reports documents a workshop held in May 1998 in Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada, devoted to comparing the present Hecate Strait ecosystem with a reconstruction of its previous configuration, 100 years ago. The models were constructed using the Ecopath software and parameterized using data extracted from written and oral sources, notably a variety of knowledgeable stakeholders, including Aboriginal and other fishers.\r\n\r\n', 'Canada, British Columbia, Hecate Strait', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1999),
(950, 'Four Ecopath with Ecosim models were constructed to represent the marine ecosystem of northern British Columbia as it appeared in the years 1750, 1900, 1950 and 2000. The time periods were selected to characterize distinct epochs in the progression of exploitation and ecosystem structure (as required under Back to the Future methodology). Historical, archival and archeological information were used to construct the past models, as well as traditional ecological knowledge gained from community interviews. Approximately 150 species and genera are included, with many more implicit in the models. These players are grouped into 53 functional model groups, arranged by trophic similarity and habitat preference; special distinction is given to commercially important animals. Biomass, production, consumption and diet are among the parameters used to describe each group, as well as period-appropriate fisheries, bycatch and discards. The static Ecopath models described in this report represent the basis of dynamic Ecosim models, which can be used to test hypotheses regarding ecosystem structure/ function and management strategies.', 'Canada, British Columbia - Hecate Strait', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2002),
(951, 'Papers in this report set out the sources and derivations of parameters for four Ecopath mass-balance models covering Newfoundland and southern Labrador''s marine ecosystem (DFO statistical areas 2J3KLNO), referring to the historical times 1985, 1995, 1990 and 1450 (approximated as 3- to 5-year averages). The models have 50 compartments, including linked juvenile and adult life history stages for 6 groups of fish. The models include animals, such as walrus, that are locally extinct today. These models span a Newfoundland marine ecosystem that has changed greatly over the past 500 years.', 'Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2002),
(952, 'Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) whole-ecosystem models were built for the English Channel (ICES areas VIId and VIIe) for the time periods 1973 and 1995. Using Ecosim, the 1973 model was run forwards with a time-series of fishing mortality data to assess how realistically it predicted the changes in biomass that had occurred. The parameters for both models were modified so that the biomass trends reflected stock assessment data. This ‘tuning’ required slight changes to some of the basic input parameters, the addition of five juvenile groups, and five functions that forced eight groups to react to annual mean water temperature. The final 1995 Ecosim model consisted of 50 functional groups, with nine different fisheries exploiting 31 of these groups. Market prices, fleet profitability and jobs/catch value ratios were used to run policy optimisation with Ecosim.', 'United Kingdom, English Channel', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(953, 'The paper gives a description of the exploited fishery system on the offshore West Greenland shrimp grounds, including recent findings of fish community structure and trophic relationships. Based on the analysis of fish stomachs from the key fish species and estimates of fish abundance from assessment surveys the total annual consumption of northern shrimp and juvenile redfish by predatory fish in 1991-1992 has been calculated. A preliminary attempt to integrate the inter-relationships between the main species and the fishery is made using a balanced, steady state model (the Ecopath II software).', 'Greenland, West', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1994),
(954, 'A steady state model of 17 compartments was constructed for the Tongoy Bay ecosystem using the Ecopath II software of Christensen and Pauly (1992). The system is driven by planktonic production which is governed by periodical intrusions of upwelling water from a nearby upwelling centre. Of the total system bioass, 47% is comprised of benthic invertebrates whose food intake exceeds that of pelagic fish and birds.', 'Chile, Northern, Tongoy Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1994),
(955, 'Energy balanced steady-state models of the fringing and barrier reefs of Tiahura, Moorea Island, French Polynesia, are presented. A total of 43 and 46 trophic groups were identified on the two reef habitats respectively. The models'' outputs indicate that most of the substantial primary productivity is processed and recycled (59-69% of NPP) in the web through detritus based, microbially mediated food webs, with a substantial but secondary flux through grazer based webs.', 'French Polynesia, Moorea Island, Tiahura Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1997),
(956, 'Rivers Inlet, a fjord like area of 1000 km2 on the central coast of British Columbia, Canada, is briefly described, as are the fisheries for salmon and for species other than salmon, notably halibut and rockfishes.', 'Canada, British Columbia, Rivers Inlet', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1999),
(957, 'It has been recognized for some time that coastal ecosystems can be heavily impacted by local or regional human activity. It has become more clear recently that global changes associated with human activity may also unduly alter coastal systems. Increased rates of sea-level rise and of accumulation of atmospheric "greenhouse gases" will cause changes in the position of the land margins and the distributions of the organisms and the processes that occur in coastal environments.', 'United States, Florida, St. Marks Wildlife Refuge', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1994),
(958, 'In this paper, a model was constructed using the Ecopath software, to describe Broa reservoir, Sao Paulo State Brazil, in terms of material or energy flow that the organisms (compartments) interchange. This reservoir was chosen since it is probably the best known reservoir in Brazil.', 'Brazil, Sao Paulo State, Broa Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1996),
(959, 'The food web in Terminos Lagoon, south western Gulf of Mexico, was dominated by the detrital pathway, with benthic invertebrates playing a significant role in transferring energy from detritus to higher trophic levels. The fish yield per unit of net primary production was only 0.04%.', 'Mexico, Terminos Lagoon (Gulf of Mexico)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1998),
(960, 'The Bohai Sea is sea water area with distinct productivity, strong fishing activity and complicated relationship of food web. The living marine resource in the sea, especially the demersal and benthic fish species, were over-exploited and most part of living resources was utilized after 1962.', 'China, Bohai Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 0),
(961, 'The Golfo de Nicoya is among the largest tropical estuaries in Central America and the main, and already overexploited, fishing area of Costa Rica. It can be separated into a shallow interior part fringed by mangroves and mud flats and a deeper part that extends to the shelf edge to about 200 m. In order to integrate available information on biomass, catches, food spectrum and dynamics of the main species populations of the system, a trophic model of 21 compartments was constructed by the use of the Ecopath II software.', 'Costa Rica, Golfo de Nicoya', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 0),
(962, 'This study describes the application of the Ecopath model to a tropical shallow water demersal ecosystem off Terengganu, Malaysia. The ecosystem was partitioned into 13 trophic groups.', 'Malaysia, Terengganu', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1987),
(963, 'The waters around Iceland, fed by the warm gulf stream from the south, offer exceptional conditions for fish stocks to thrive. Since understanding of the marine ecosystem is the foundation of sensible and sustainable harvesting of these resources, a key role has been assigned to marine research.', 'Iceland', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1999),
(964, 'A trophic model of a small West African Coastal Lagoon (Sakumo Lagoon, near Tema, Ghana), consisting of 14 interacting functional groups, was constructed using the Ecopath approach and software, based on field data gathered in the early 1970''s, and reflecting an early stage in the development of this now much-modified ecosystem.', 'Ghana, Sakumo Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2002),
(965, 'A multispecies trophic model called Ecopath II, which can be used to describe trophic relationships in aquatic ecosystems on a quantitative basis, is briefly analyzed.', 'Thailand, Ubolratana Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1994),
(966, 'San Miguel is a large embayment along the Pacific Coast of southeast Luzon, Philippines. The estuarine ecosystem therein is described through a mass-balance model that includes 16 functional groups (state variables), representing over 200 exploited fish and commercial invertebrate species, the energy (feeding) fluxes among them, and the multispecies catch of the fisheries, which pit artisanal fishers, using a wide range of gear, against trawl operators.', 'Philippines, San Miguel Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2001),
(967, 'Fluxes of energy for the Maspalomas Lagoon ecosystem were obtained using the Ecopath II steady state ecosystem model. This brackish water ecosystem, which was regenerated in summer 1992, is exposed to a seasonal variability of the main physico-chemical parameters, that is, salinity, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen.', 'Canary Islands, Gran Canaria, Maspalomas Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1998),
(968, 'Collaborative research in the Weddell Sea performed during the past decade has substantially increased insight into the different community components of this large ecosystem, and has led to a conceptual diagram of the biomass flows among its principal subsytems. In order to integrate the results of the various research efforts directed towards the shelf communities into a coherent whole, a static modelling approach was used to obtain the first balanced model of trophic flows between the dominant groups of the benthic community of the eastern Weddell Sea.', 'Antarctica, Eastern Weddell Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1997),
(969, 'A trophic model of the Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary, Florida, USA was constructed, using the Ecopath II approach for construction of mass-balance ecosystem models, the results of local biomass surveys, and an earlier Ecopath model of a Virgin Island reef. Flows of energy and other relationships between the 20 functional groups in the system were examined, then compared with those in 5 other coral reef ecosystem models.', 'USA, Florida, Looe Key', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1997),
(970, 'By its charter the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA), must balance the needs of indigenous traditional owners, commercial and recreational fishing interests, and the conservation requirements of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) marine park’s World Heritage Area status. Under both Commonwealth and State legislation, as well as through international obligations of the World Heritage Area listing, management of the marine park is committed to the ecologically sustainable development of fisheries, and most importantly, conservation of their supporting ecosystems. In the current study the basic Gribble (2000) "GBR prawn" ECOPATH trophic model was expanded into a "linkedecosystems" model, which considered the biodiversity and connecting biomass flows within and between (1) mangrove, (2) lagoon-seagrass, and (3) coral reef systems of the GBR. The GBR linked-ecosystem model is an equilibrium trophic hierarchy, with the biomass flows balanced such that there are not more predators than prey to feed them, nor conversely are there "wasted" prey with insufficient predators to exploit the available resource. Thirty-two trophic guilds were modelled, including 25 from original "GBR prawn" model (Gribble, 2003), plus inshore finfish species groupings and juvenile life-history stages. This spectrum represents a generalised food-web that attempts to capture the major biomass dynamics the and flows within the component GBR systems. The model was implemented by means of ECOPATH EwE (version 5 beta) software using the ECOSIM and ECOSPACE routines for temporal and spatial simulations respectively. The particular application for the model was to identify the effects of the major fisheries in each of the component systems, and the possible confounding effects of independently developed fisheries management plans. Accordingly, long-term temporal simulations of the GBR linked ecosystem model explored the interactions across the line, gillnet and trawl fisheries, and highlighted a number of issues. In both the Sea turtle and Barramundi trophic guilds there were significant interactions between fisheries that are important to the management of these stocks. It appears that there is not a simple intuitive link between fishing pressure and biomass of some targeted species, but a more complex "food-web" effect. Targeting of fish or prawn aggregations by commercial fishers reduces the efficacy of logbook catchper- unit-effort (CPUE) as an index of abundance or biomass because the reported catch rate reflects only the densities of fish or prawns within the aggregation or school, not the unbiased estimate of abundance obtained if the population was randomly sampled. Therefore it would be expected that the biomass trajectory predicted by the ecosystem model and by the logbook data would show a reasonably poor match, as was evident in this study. This result has implications for the reliability of traditional single-species “surplus-production” stock assessment models that use CPUE to model the maximum sustainable yield of a fishery.', 'Australia, Great Barrier Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2005),
(971, 'The trophic role of snappers was evaluated on the continental shelves of the south-western Gulf of Mexico and the Yucatan in the south-eastern Gulf of Mexico. Mass-balanced, steady-state trophic models of the two ecosystems were constructed with Ecopath and perturbations were simulated in the ecosystems with Ecosim by increasing fishing mortality. Impacts were measured by changes in biomass of snappers and other groups, and in some indices of stability: persistence, recovery time and resilience. The snapper populations differed between ecosystems. The western Gulf of Mexico system appeared more complex and more stable than the Continental Shelf of Yucatan. Although overall stability indices between ecosystem suggested a similar structure and function, there were clear differences at a group level. Correlation of stability attributes between groups suggested differences in the role of snappers between the ecosystems suggesting that each stock should be managed individually. (C) 1998 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, North Continental Shelf of', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1998),
(972, 'A comparison of the food webs of the eastern and western Bering Sea continental shelf large marine ecosystems (EBS and WBS LMEs) is presented, with a literature review of Russian and English sources for the western Bering Sea food web. A model is constructed using Ecopath, a tool for performing quantitative mass-balance calculations to synthesize food web data. The model focuses on the earliest period for which detailed diet data was available for both systems, 1980-85.', 'USA, Alaska, Bering Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2002),
(973, 'Golfo Dulce is a deep tropical estuary whose ecosystem dynamics are poorly understood. In order to evaluate biomass and energy flow distributions, productivity potential, and to obtain guidelines for conservation management, a steady-state model of 20 compartments (excluding detritus) was constructed using the Ecopath II software.', 'Costa Rica, Golfo Dulce', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1996),
(974, 'A preliminary mass-balance trophic model was constructed to determine the flow of energy in a community of fish and invertebrates on the continental shelf of the south-western Gulf of Mexico. Input parameters were taken from the literature, except for the biomass of fish groups, which was obtained from the trawl surveys in the study area.', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, Southwestern', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1998),
(975, '', 'South Georgia / South Orkney Islands', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1999),
(976, '', 'United States. Chesapeake Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2002),
(977, 'This contribution documents a first attempt to construct an ecosystem model for the marine ecosystem of Iceland in 1950 based on a present-day (i.e., 1997) model of the same area, and adopting the same structure and species composition. The catch data were adapted from the Sea Around Us project catch database, with discarding and unreported catch explicitly accounted for. Comparison of model prediction with reference time series data for two important species in the fisheries was also carried out, and indicated good correspondence between model predictions and times series data.', 'Iceland 1950', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2001),
(978, '', 'Philippines, Laguna de Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1995),
(979, '', 'Australia, Southern Tasmania', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2001),
(980, '', 'Micronesia, Enewetak Atoll', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1995),
(981, '(Excerpt only). In the present study, we use Ecopath and inverse methods to reconstruct trophic flows through the whole Northern Gulf of St. Lawrence ecosystem for the mid 1980''s period, prior to the groundfish stock collapses.', 'Canada, Northern Gulf of the St. Lawrence', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2003),
(982, '', 'Australia, Great Barrier Reef, Rib Reef', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2001),
(983, 'An ecosystem model of the southern Benguela was fitted to available time-series data for the period 1978–2002, to explore how changes in target fish populations in this ecosystem can be attributed to feeding interaction terms and population control patterns, the impact of fishing, and environmental forcing. Fishing patterns were estimated to explain only 2–3% of the variability in the time-series, whereas an estimated productivity forcing pattern applied to phytoplankton explained 4–12% of the variance represented by the sum of squares. Model settings describing prey vulnerability to their predators could explain around 40% of the variability in the time-series. Modelled stock dynamics in the southern Benguela ecosystem more closely represent observed timeseries when wasp-waist control by small pelagic fish is simulated. Overall, model simulations suggest that almost half the variance in the time-series can be explained based on a combination of fishing, vulnerability settings and productivity patterns. Variation in mortalities and prey preferences over time, as well as model fits in relation to available effort series, are discussed. The study advances a model with improved parameterization and credibility to assist with an ecosystem approach to South African fisheries management.', 'South Africa, Southern Benguela (1978-2002)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(984, 'Initial parameter estimates for the reef flat around Santiago Island, Bolinao, Pangasinan, in the Phillipines, were obtained for 24 subcomponents of the ecosystem. Four primary producer groups (benthic seaweed, seagrass, corals and phytoplankton), five invertebrate benthos (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, coral polyps, crustaceans and molluscs), 12 commercially important fish groups, zooplankton, squids and a detritus box were quantified utilizing Ecopath II. Reasonable estimations of ecotrophic efficiencies were obtained for most of the components. The model helped to indicate areas for further investigation of the system, especially biomass estimations of the cryptic species and the food consumption for key top predators such as the moray eel.', 'Philippines, Pangasinan, Bolinao', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(985, 'A steady state trophic model of the coastal fisheries ecosystem of Brunei Darussalam is derived via Ecopath II using selected parameters from studies conducted in the area and the available literature. Biomass estimates of various groups so derived are consistent with independent estimates from demersal trawl and pelagic acoustic surveys conducted in Brunei waters. These estimates of biomass combined with fisheries catches give exploitation rates (E) between 0.011 and 0.191, confirming independent assessments which indicate the coastal fisheries resources to be lightly fished. Selected summary statistics relevant to efficiency of the system are given together with recommendations for research towards refinement of the preliminary model presented.', 'Brunei, Darussalam', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(986, 'This paper is an extension of previous work on Celestun Lagoon, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, a tropical brackish water body of 28.1 km2 and 14.13 million m3. The lagoon system relies upon three main sources of primary productivity, i.e. phytobenthos imports from outside, benthic producers in the system and phytoplankton. The fisheries take 0.061 gm2year from six species of fish and one paenid shrimp. Based primarily on information from the lagoon, a balanced model of the flows in the ecosystem is constructed using the Ecopath II software system. As a number of important parameters had to be estimated based on assumed mass balance, the derived model should be considered preliminary. Fish biomass from swept area analyses were found to be too low to meet demands in the system, indicating sampling problems. The value of a balanced trophic model for closer examination of data quality is apparent', 'Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Celestun Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(987, 'An attempt was made to model a littoral lagoon in the French Mediterranean, the Etang de Thau. The model was structured around commercially important fish groups with a top predator biomass evaluated at 11.0 t.km2. Reasonable estimates of biomasses for the other fish species/groups were obtained. The flows in the system are dominated by the zooplankton and benthic producers.', 'France, Etang de Thau', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(988, 'The ecology of the Garonne River near Toulouse, France, and of one of its semi-isolated meanders or bras mort is described briefly, based mainly on samples collected in April 1990 and 1991 and with emphasis on five species of fishes, and on their prey organisms. This information is used to construct a preliminary springtime trophic model of a segment of the Garonne River, which is then discussed.', 'France, Toulouse, Garonne River', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(989, 'IJsselmeer in the central part of the Netherlands is a 182,000 ha shallow eutrophic freshwater body with an average depth of 4 m. Commercially important fish species are the eel, two predators, pikeperch and perch, and the short-lived smelt.', 'Netherlands, IJsselmeer Lake', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(990, 'An attempt is made to model the eutrophic ecosystem of Lake Aydat in the Massif Central, France, with emphasis on the two dominant fish species, perch and roach. The preliminary model raises interesting questions of trophic inefficiencies and food chain structure. A better understanding of the functioning of the ecosystem has been reached with this model, which includes some extraordinarily long food chains (of up to 9 trophic levels).', 'France, Lake Aydat', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(991, 'The trophic ecosystem modelling software, Ecopath II, was used to analyze the Lake Chad system, Africa, during its "normal" phase, the period between 1969 and 1972. Reasonable estimates of population-related parameters for fish and invertebrate stocks were obtained, and an energy flow diagram for the whole lake is presented.', 'West Africa, Lake Chad', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(992, 'A trophic model of Lake George, Uganda, Central Africa, was constructed using published quantitative and qualitative information on the various biotic components of the lake and the Ecopath II approach and software. It is shown that the available production and biomass estimates for the various groups in the system are consistent with each other, and that it is possible to make a balanced model of the major interactions in Lake George.', 'Uganda, Lake George', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993);
INSERT INTO `TAB_S2_ModelDescription` (`id_survey`, `Description`, `ModelName`, `s2phys`, `s2phys_key`, `s2bgc`, `s2bgc_key`, `s2life`, `s2life_key`, `s2eco`, `s2eco_key`, `s2fish`, `s2fish_key`, `s2benthic`, `s2benthic_key`, `s2_6environment`, `s2ref`, `registration_date`, `ecopath`, `ecopath_year`) VALUES
(993, 'Nine major trophic groups were analyzed using the Ecopath II model to assess the trophic interrelationships and community structure of Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. The utilization of energy flows, represented by the ecoptrophic efficiencies vary videly among the various groups. The production of S. zambezensis, of macrophytes and of periphyton is apparently little utilized within the system and thus S. zambezensis represents a potentially important source. The utilization of H. vittatus and of the cichlids is moderate, but this inference depends on the reliability of the catch data. The small pelagic Limnothrissa miodon is fairly heavily harvested, although the analysis indicates that fishing mortality could be increased. This, however, depends on the reliability of the P/B ratio. The pelagic food chain appears fully utilized whereas there is room for herbivorous species in the vegetated littoral zone. These two habitats are new to the original riverine fish fauna and only the former has become productive after the introduction of the pelagic L. miodon.', 'Zimbabwe, Lake Kariba', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1992),
(994, 'Data collected over more than 20 years at the Kinneret Limnological Labratory were used in an Ecopath II model of the Lake Kinneret ecosystem, Israel. For this system, very reliable and detailed estimates were available for the biomass and production of phytoplankton and zooplankton and the diet and catches of the main fish species. Recent studies at the Kinneret Laboratory have produced estimates for biomass and production for bacteria and protozoa, allowing these ecosystem components to be included. Among the most important results: 1) the bacterial loop consumes nearly half of the primary production (as detritus); 2) predatory copepods consume at least 4 times more herbivorous zooplankton than do fish, and 3) about 90% of the zooplankton is consumed, so fish populations cannot be much larger than we have estimated these to be.', 'Israel, Lake Kinneret', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(995, 'Lake Malawi contains a pelagic ecosystem which is based on a deep euphotic zone (up tp 60m) and medium primary production (0.7 gCm/day). A trophic box model has been implemented based mainly on investigations conducted from 1977 to 1981. The grazer chain in the pelagic system is dominated by one major pathway: via crustacean zooplankton to a larvae of the lake fly. Nearly all the primary production is estimated to pass through this pathway. Minor pathways pass through zooplanktivorous fish of which the most important are the cyprinid Rastrineobola sardella and a group of haplochromine species (Cichlidae). The top predators constitute a small group of species which feed on fish as well as on Chaoborus larvae. The majority of the Chaoborus production is exported from the lake.', 'Malawi, Lake Malawi', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(996, 'Lake Ontario is one of the Great Lakes of North America. The lake has been intensively studied for many decades and only now is there enough information to attempt development of an energy food web. Unfortunately, not all parameters for the food web are obtainable from the lake itself. Therefore, when necessary, information has been collected from labratory work or from other lakes in the region with similar climate and ecosystem structure.', 'Canada, Lake Ontario', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(997, 'An update of previous estimates of production by the pelagic fish and invertebrate populations of Lake Tanganyika (Burundi sector) of Africa, is presented, along with a revised quantification of their trophic interactions. Two models are provided, pertaining to the periods 1974-1976 (high biomasses) and 1980-1983 (low biomasses). Some implications for research on the living resources of Lake Tanganyika are also presented.', 'Burundi, Lake Tanganyika', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(998, 'The ecotrophic community structure in open Lake Turkana, Kenya, has changed since the early 1970''s when the system appeared limited by zooplankton production and energy was accumulated in stocks of small pelagic species. Later, the slower growing predator stocks of Lates spp. have proliferated and in the late 1980''s energy has accumulated at the top predator level. The result is a strong increase (250%) in predation mortality on small pelagic species. This may explain the fivefold decrease in their biomass which is much more than can be expected from the relative decrease in secondary and primary productivity between the two periods. The regulatory mechanisms in the open lake ecosystem structure seem to have shifted from bottom-up to top-down "control" between 1973 and 1987. Fishing effort should be directed at the Lates spp. and Synodontis stocks and sustainable yields under the present conditions could be strongly increased.', 'Kenya, Lake Turkana', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(999, 'The Ecopath II approach and software were used to construct a box model of the fish community of the Kenyan sector of Lake Victoria before and after the introduction of Nile perch to document how this introduction affected the dynamics of the lake. We demonstrate a change in ecosystem structure and an increase in ecotrophic efficiencies of most components of the ecosystem, following the introduction of Nile perch.', 'Kenya, Lake Victoria', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(1000, 'Based on one-year sampling of the communities in the Mandinga Lagoon, Mexico, a model of trophic interactions was constructed. In addition to original data, some parameters were based on information from other Mexican coastal areas. The model is very preliminary, and no catch data are included. The available phytoplankton production estimate was very low and therefore not used; instead a production rate was estimated that could balance consumption by copepods. A balanced ecosystem model could be derived with only minor modifications of the input parameter which shows that the available data are largely internally consistent.', 'Mexico, Veracruz, Mandinga Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(1001, 'A preliminary trophic model is presented of the Maputo Bay ecosystem (Mozambique), based on information on the main fisheries in the area. The model was built using the Ecopath II software system (ver. 2.1) so that input and output for all groups in the system are balanced. The model estimates the sum of all production generated in Maputo Bay to 2,650 t.km2year for a total area of about 1100 km2, the annual yield of the fisheries sum to more than 7000 t, accounting for about 1% of the total biological production of the system.', 'Mozambique, Maputo Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(1002, 'A preliminary ecosystem trophic structure model was built for Monterey Bay, California, USA, and analyzed using the Ecopath II program. The model has fifteen living boxes plus one box for detritus. Three different primary production values were used to evaluate the model. They correspond to: 1) winter low, 2) mean high upwelling and 3) occasional very high upwelling production observed in the bay. Biomass, ecotrophic efficiencies, flows to detritus and respiration/assimilation estimated by the model were in agreement for values measured in the bay and/or similar environments. This suggests that even though the model is in a preliminary stage, it possesses characteristics of the natural system.', 'United States, California, Monterey Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(1003, 'This paper describes an integrated dike-pond farming system in South China, one with a history that goes back to the mid-fourteenth century. The energy flows through the system, which includes among other components, eight fish species are quantified. The system has a very high throughput and production, caused by high imports of manure and concentrated feeds, together with elephant grass, vegetables and mulberry leaves that are produced on the dikes.', 'China, Guangdong Province, Zhujiang Delta', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(1004, 'The northeastern Venezuela shelf ecosystem (30,000 km2) is the most productive fishing area in the country. Marine biological productivity is associated with wind induced upwelling in the dry season (November through May) and river runoff in the rainy season (May through November). Considering its regional socioeconomic and scientific importance, available information was analyzed in order to study biomass production and flow by means of the Ecopath II steady state trophic model. The system was divided into 16 species or species groups: small sharks, scombrids and barracudas, snappers and groupers, squids, croakers, carangids, grunts, catfish, mackerel, other demersal fishes, small pelagics, heterotrophic benthos, zooplankton, phytoplankton, benthic producers and detritus.', 'Venezuela, Northeastern Shelf', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(1005, 'The trophic model for the River Thames, England, developed by the International Biological Programme (IBP) is probably the most complete ever constructed for a riverine ecosystem. A Mark 2 model is presented here, constructed using Ecopath II. The model reinforces many conclusions of the earlier study and exposes certain weaknesses. In particular, the trophic role of the main fish populations and of detritus is revised. Certain improvements that could be made to the Mark 2 model are identified, relating to the inclusion of incoming solar energy and to the efficiency of the community in converting solar energy to animal and plant tissue.', 'England, River Thames', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(1006, 'The present investigation details the trophic connections existing among the planktonic, pelagic and benthic components of the Pullavali brackishwater, a tropical estuarine ecosystem at the southeast coast of India where such studies have not been made hitherto. The production and loss of energy at successive trophic levels were estimated for a habitat area of 1.5 km2 adopting random sampling, standard methods of R.B. William and assumptions of D.J. Crisp. A comparison made with a shallow temperate estuary (Bogue Sound, North Carolina) showed that the net primary production in the tropical estuarine ecosystem was higher than that of the other ecosystem. However, the Pullavali brackishwater and Bogue Sound showed more or less similar efficiency in the different trophic levels as evidenced by the total fish yields, 0.55% and 0.50% of net primary production, respectively.', 'India, Pullavali Brackishwater', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(1007, 'An attempt to construct a trophic model of Veli Lake, southern India, was made using the Ecopath II approach and software. This was used to estimate the biomasses of exploited fish such as mullets, Etroplus, catfishes and prawns and of their preys. Catches from the lake are very high and, in consequence, high biomasses are estimated for most groups.', 'India, Veli Lake', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1993),
(1008, 'This piece of work has been realised in collaboration with a group of estuarine biologists and ecologists with particilar skills in the Gironde estuary which is probably the largest estuary of Western Europe. It is famous for its rich array of species and it also has the distinction of being the European estuary with the largest assemblage of diadromous fish making the Gironde a good reference estuary. ', 'France, Gironde Estuary', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(1009, 'Comparatively Lake Awassa is one of the most thoroughly studied lakes in Ethiopia. However no attempt was made to bring the available information\r\ntogether in order to see the foodweb relationship in the ecosystem. Perhaps one of the plausible reasons for not modeling lakes till now is lack of comprehensive and easy-to-use model. A friendly software model, Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE), was constructed for Lake Awassa using different published and unpublished data that were originally studied in the lake. Several parameters were also estimated from the present study such as primary productivity, phytoplankton biomass, Tilapia biomass and zoobenthos. The study was conducted between November 2003-August 2004. Thirteen functional groups including two ontogenic groups\r\nwere used in the present analysis to see the trophic relationship and energy flow. The results of the model give an overview of the resources found in the lake simultaneously and reveal the degree of interactions. The consumers are heavily exploited in the system as shown by high ecotrophic efficiency while the producers including detritus are under exploited. Hence energy transfer from lower trophic level seems very low. Flows from detritus were as important as flows from phytoplankton, designating the importance of both detritus and grazing food chain in the system. Mixed Trophic Impact (MTI) analyses indicate that phytoplankton and detritus have positive impact on most other groups. On the other hand, herbivore zooplankton and tilapia had negative impact on phytoplankton, the former being stronger. Lake Awassa has a low ecological efficiency with a value of 0.001. System primary production/ respiration (P/R) ratio of Lake Awassa is 9.844 showing the lake is at developmental stage or a young ecosystem, warning that extra care should be given to human interventions. However, since production is high the lake can contribute in the food self-sufficiency program of the country. This trophic model analysis also enables us to confirm the previous works and pinpoint the critical research gaps. Production, biomass, mortality, feeding, reproduction etc for zoobenthos, Garra sp., Labeobarbus amphigrama and Aplocheilichtyes sp. are open to research. The biomass, mortality etc of Labeobarbus intermidius should also be studied.', 'Ethiopia, Lake Awassa', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(1010, 'Conventional Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) tends to show that most ecosystem restoration programs are not worthwhile in economic terms. This is because discounting significantly reduces future net benefits from restoration, since benefits are discounted using the time perspective (i.e., the discounting clock) of the current generation only. I propose the use of what is termed Generational CBA, which discounts net benefits from the perspective of all generations. This CBA takes into account the fact that current restoration efforts may produce benefits to future generations, and that these benefits need to be valued using the respective discounting clocks of the generation receiving the benefits.', 'USA, Columbia River', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(1011, 'A one-week workshop was held at the Fisheries Centre, UBC, from November 6-10, 1996, during which ten invited participants, mainly from the scientific community in British Columbia, Alaska and Washington, and Fisheries Centre faculty and graduate students assembled the elements required for preliminary mass-balance models of trophic fluxes in the Alaska Gyre, on the shelf off southern British Columbia, and in the Strait of Georgia.\r\n\r\nSuch mass-balance models were urgently required, as no systematic attempt had been made to verify that commonly-cited biomass, production and consumption rate estimates published for various critical marine groups in these three systems (e.g. salmon, marine mammals), were mutually compatible. The construction of these mass-balance models not only allowed verification (or correction) of previously published flux and biomass estimates, but also identification of major gaps in knowledge, and cost-effective estimation of some of the previously unknown rates and biomasses required for assessment of marine carrying capacity in the Northeastern Pacific.\r\n\r\nEach workshop participant covered a functional group and its associated fluxes: phytoplankton and primary production, zooplankton and secondary production, major fish species and their fisheries, marine mammals and birds and their food consumption.\r\n\r\nModel construction was performed using the well-documented Ecopath approach and software, previously applied to over eighty aquatic ecosystems throughout the world, and of which a pre-release Windows-based version was applied during the workshop.\r\n\r\nThis report documents the parametrization of the three above-mentioned models through short contributions authored by the participants, the construction and validation of these (still) preliminary models, then presents suggestions for their future development and uses.', 'Alaska, Alaska Gyre', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1996),
(1012, 'In the central part of the Venice Lagoon fishing grounds\r\nare subjected to intensive exploitation of the invasive species Manila clam and to a traditional fishing activity. The trophic network of the fishing grounds is analysed in order to highlight ecosystem effects of the invasive species and of its exploitation. Results evidenced depletion of ecosystem functioning in central part of Venice lagoon with respect to the past (before clam introduction), the wasp-waist role of Manila clam and the very negative effects that clam harvesting has on artisanal fishery.', 'Italy, Venice Lagoon', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2003),
(1013, 'Trophic networks of two typical habitats of the Venice\r\nLagoon, the seagrass meadows and the Tapes philippinarum fishing grounds, which are subjected to mechanical clam harvesting, are compared for evidencing effects of fishing on ecosystem maturity and functioning. Results highlighted the more mature stage of seagrass meadows compared to the fishing grounds and evidenced the positive feedback of sediment resuspension caused by intensive clam fishing on the target species itself.\r\n', 'Italy, Venice Lagoon (energy flow)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2002),
(1014, 'The North Pacific is a hot-bed for understanding how marine populations are impacted by humans as well as by environmental conditions. The "Thompson-Burkenroad debate" has been ongoing since the late-1940s: what drives the marked fluctuations in Pacific halibut that has been observed over the past century? Dr William Thompson, who started up the work of the International Pacific Halibut Commission, IPHC, argued that the changes in halibut abundance could be fully explained by changes in fishing pressure, i.e. that they were the result of successful management on the part of IPHC, while his adversary, Dr Martin Burkenroad questioned if the populations trends could be accounted for by fishing pressure on its own, or if wasn''t rather a question of environmental factors impacting halibut recruitment. While Thompson and Burkenroad actually never debated the relative role of fisheries and the environment - indeed it may well be that they would actually agree that one factor in itself would not suffice to give us the full explanation their debate has lived on, and both sides still have proponents arguing for one over the other. Examining the Pacific halibut trends now, nearly 60 years after the debate started, still yields inconclusive answers only. We cannot name the culprit.', 'Pacific (Eastern)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2005),
(1015, 'Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly being recognized as an alternativemanagement tool for conserving marine resources and ecosystems. By integrating organismdispersal rates, ecosystem interactions and fishing effort dynamics, ECOSPACE, a spatially explicit ecosystem-based modeling tool, allowed us to compare the ecological consequences of alternativeMPA zoning policies within the proposed Gwaii Haanas NationalMarine Conservation Area, located off the west coast of British Columbia, Canada. The desired effects of MPAs include higher fishery yields, the conservation of biodiversity, and/or the preservation of intact ecosystems. However, ECOSPACE predicts that when MPAs are small, species interactions and movements may make these objectives difficult to achieve. COSPACE suggests that the effects of MPAs are reduced at their boundaries where fishing effort is predicted to concentrate. Furthermore, top predators may become more abundant within MPAs, which could ead to a depression of their prey species and a subsequent increase of species at even lower trophic levels. Trophic cascade patterns and density gradients across boundaries are nontrivial departures rom our simple expectations of how MPAs protect areas and will force us to reconsider what constitutes effective conservation. Our ECOSPACE model indicates that the establishment of multi-use buffer ones may help alleviate these realistic but worrisome ecological predictions. When coupled with an overall reduction in harvest pressure, ECOSPACE suggests that a MPA with a large core ‘no-take’ zone nd large buffer will result in the greatest increase in organism biomass. The use of marine zoning may be an effective management tactic to reduce social conflict and conserve marine ecosystems.', 'Canada, Gwaii Haanas', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2002),
(1016, 'We modeled the flow of methyl mercury, a toxic global pollutant, in the Faroe Islands marine ecosystem and compared average human methyl mercury exposure from consumption of pilot whale meat and fish (cod, Gadus morhua) with current tolerable weekly intake (TWI) levels. Under present conditions and climate change scenarios, methyl mercury increased in the ecosystem, translating into increased human exposure over time. However, we saw greater changes as a result of changing fishing mortalities. A large portion of the general human population exceed the TWI levels set by the World Health rganization [WHO; 1.6 µg/kg body weight (bw)], and they all exceed the reference dose (RfD) of 0.1 µg/kg bw/day set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA; equivalent to a TWI of 0.7 µg/kg w). As a result of an independent study documenting that Faroese children exposed prenatally to methyl mercury had reduced cognitive abilities, pregnant women have decreased their intake of whale meat nd were below the TWI levels set by the WHO and the U.S. EPA. Cod had approximately 95% lower methyl mercury concentrations than did pilot whale. Thus, the high and harmful levels of methyl mercury n the diet of Faroe Islanders are driven by whale meat consumption, and the increasing impact of climate change is likely to exacerbate this situation. Significantly, base inflow rates of mercury into he environment would need to be reduced by approximately 50% to ensure levels of intake below the WHO TWI levels, given current levels of whale consumption. Key words: climate change, Ecopath, Ecosim, Ecotracer, mercury, pollutant, trophic modeling. Environ Health Perspect 113:521–526 (2005). doi:10.1289/ehp.7603 available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 2 February 2005]', 'Faroe Islands (Denmark)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2005),
(1017, 'This study is the first application of spatial (ECOSPACE) modelling to Hong Kong and adjacent PRC inshore waters and evaluates the effectiveness of different FPA configurations in the Tap Mun/Tolo Harbour and Outer Port Shelter FPAs shown below. The overall modelling also evaluates the benefits of recent AR/FPA initiatives in banning trawling at FPAs, Marine Parks and at the newly established Marine Exclusion Zone at Chek Lap Kok. Lastly, the study assesses the implication of a 2-month trawl moratorium in adjacent PRC inshore waters.', 'Hong Kong, China 1990', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2002),
(1018, 'The PICES Carrying Capacity and Climate Change (CCCC) BAsin Scale Studies (BASS) Task eam was established to facilitate studies of the impacts of climate change and limate variability on the physical and biological processes in the gyres of the estern and eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean.\r\nIn general, the oceanography and ecology of the eastern (ESA) and western (WSA) asins of the subarctic Pacific (Fig. 1) are poorly understood relative to the coastal reas. It is known that the central subarctic Pacific is productive as indicated by the large abundance of Pacific salmon, squid and other important fishes. Recent studies also suggest that the oceanography of the gyres is closely linked to the decadal scale changes in climate. Therefore, it is important that there is a co-ordinated effort to focus on the priority research issues, and to exchange scientific information on a timely basis.', 'Pacific Basin, (Subartic)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2003),
(1019, 'Recent studies quantify species interactions in the central Baltic Sea and emphasize their importance in defining long-term management strategies. Four preliminary mass-balance models of carbon flow are presented for this area (approximately ICES subdivisions 25-29) by season, based on estimates of standing stock and energy flow from the late 1980''s / early 1990''s. The construction of the models emphasizes on the commercially most important fish species, herring, sprat, and cod. Further included are primary producers, several groups of planktonic invertebrates and benthos, as well as commercially less important fish. The models are analyzed and compared by means of network analysis, and discussed in view of existing multispecies approaches to the central Baltic.', 'Baltic Sea (Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1995),
(1020, 'The Ecopath trophic model has been used to describe an extensive study of the trophic relationships of the Parakrama Samudra reservoir, Sri Lanka, during the 1970''s. It has supported preliminary assessments made regarding the importance of unexploited fish stocks and can possibly provide the link to understanding the further evolution of the lake under various fisheries management schemes.', 'Sri Lanka, Reservoir', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2001),
(1021, 'Recent calls for a more holistic approach to fisheries management have motivated development of trophic mass-balance models of ecosystems that underlie fisheries production. We developed a model hypothesis of the pelagic ecosystem in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) to gain insight into the relationships among the various species in the system and to explore the ecological implications of alternative methods of harvesting tunas. We represented the biomasses of and fluxes between the principal elements in the ecosystem with Ecopath, and examined the ecosystem''s dynamic, time-series behavior with Ecosim.', 'Pacific Ocean (Eastern Tropical)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2003),
(1022, 'Five thermodynamically balanced models of the trophic interactions and organic matter transfer between compartments of a Caribbean coral reef system are presented. Inputs to the models were obtained from published data and from parameter estimates based on multivariate statistics. The models were analyzed using the ECOPATH II program (Version 1 .O) of Daniel Pauly, Villy Christensen and coworkers at the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM) (in Manila, Philippines) which combines elements of network flow analysis with the steady-state approach of Jeffrey Polovina''s original ECOPATH. A single model with 50 boxes, 2 models with 20 boxes and 2 with 11 boxes were constructed, based on two different methods of aggregation. Their features were compared.\r\nThese balanced models indicate that coral reef systems are in a "steady-state" or "flow- through equilibrium", when the appropriate spatial and temporal scale is selected. This implies that investigations on reef community structure which relied on a small spatial scale, and which suggest a high degree of stochastic variability may not address issues related to the stability of structures at larger scales.', 'Caribbean Sea (Coral reefs)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1996),
(1023, 'A mass-balanced trophic model was developed for the coral reef lagoon of Uvea atoll (New Caledonia) using the Ecopath software. The model accounts for both pelagic and soft-bottom communities to describe the whole trophic structure and biomass flows in the shallowest part of the atoll lagoon. Phytoplankton production approximately equals the benthic primary production. Benthic biomass accounts for more than 80% of the total living biomass in the shallow lagoon. The benthic domain requires input of food from the pelagic system (mainly zooplankton) and from adjacent areas to sustain the biomass of predatory fishes. Predation pressure was found to be a major force structuring the food web, but it is also suggested that water circulation within the lagoon influences the amount of rimary resources, such as plankton, benthic microphytes and detritus.', 'New Caledonia (coral reef lagoon)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(1024, 'Abstract. Energy-balanced steady-state models of the fringing and barrier reefs of Tiahura, Moorea Island, French Polynesia, are presented. A total of 43 and 46 trophic groups were identified on the two reef habitats respectively. The models’ outputs indicate that most of the substantial primary productivity is processed and recycled (59–69% of NPP) in the web through detritus based, microbially mediated food webs, with a substantial but secondary flux through grazer-based webs. This mechanism produces long pathways with low trophic effciencies at the higher trophic levels. The trophic structure of both reef habitats effciently conserves energy and materials within the reef ecosystem through two forms of internal recycling: a relatively large cycle produced through detritus and a microbial food web, and a relatively short one directly produced through predation. The models outputs suggest that bottom-up and top-down control are each ecologically important in both reef habitats.', 'French Polynesia (Moorea Island)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1997),
(1025, 'General models of the energy flow of the back reef, reef front and slope zones of three coral reef complexes in the Mexican Caribbean are presented. The number of fish species registered varied considerably between reefs with a maximum found on the Mahahual reef slope. Generally, the maximum number of fish species and biomass were registered on the reef slope and the minimum on the back reefs. The greatest species number and flow diversity were obtained in the Mahahual reef. The individuals recorded for the fish feeders were also of greater size in the Mahahual reef. Maximum activity and biomass were found in the deeper Boca Paila and Tampalam habitats. The production and biomass trophic ratios used in this work were shown to be indicators of trophic tendencies of reef fish. However, the relative diVerences between piscivorous, carnivorous, herbivorous and zooplankton feeder fishes were not evident, but there were marked diVerences between biomass or production in each trophic group. Preliminary analysis suggests diVerences in trophic structure and energy flow between semi-protected and unprotected areas. The comparative analysis of this nested set of models using trophic macrodescriptors may provide a useful index of anthropogenic impacts in coral reef ecosystems.', 'Mexico, South Caribbean', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1998),
(1026, 'A trophodynamic ecological model was developed through the balance of masses for the fringing reefs that compose the archipelago of the Abrolhos-BA. For the nessessary data gathering to the development of the model we used techniques of visual census for inctiofauna that inhabits the reef, and the incorporation of bibliographical data from another reef areas. The tool used for the modeling was the program Ecopath II (version 3.1) that applies techniques of network analysis through the stable state.', 'Brasil, Abrolhos', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 1998),
(1027, 'Because the NW Mediterranean ecosystem has a number of structural features in common with upwelling ecosystems, an ecological model representing the exploited South Catalan Sea was standardized and compared with four previously standardized models from coastal upwelling ecosystems of the Northern and Southern Humboldt (Chile and Peru models) and the Northern and Southern Benguela (Namibia and South Africa models) \r\nAmong the analyses of exploited ecosystems with the Ecopath with Ecosim approach, the comparison of ecological models is a useful exercise to improve knowledge of the structure and functioning of ecosystems and the ecosystem impacts of fishing through useful indicators. Furthermore, by standardizing models of different ecosystems to achieve a common structure to separate biological features from modelling artefacts, these comparisons have been recently applied successfully to four different upwelling ecosystems representing different areas and periods.', 'Mediterranean (Upwellings)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 0),
(1028, 'An ecological model of the exploited South Catalan Sea, NW Mediterranean, was fitted to available time series of data to explore to which extent changes in exploited resources are driven by fishing activities, trophic interactions and environmental factors from 1978 to 2003. Time series comprised fishing effort of trawling, purse seine and longline, fishing mortality, biomasses and catches of sardine and anchovy, abundances of seabirds and catch per unit of effort (CPUE) and catch data of adult and juvenile hake. Results show that 85% of the variance of available time series was explained using fishing, trophic interactions and productivity patterns. The fitting procedure improved the ecological model representing the South Catalan Sea ecosystem and increased its credibility, setting the baseline from where to perform management options to progress towards and ecosystem approach to fisheries in the NW Mediterranean area.', 'Mediterranean (NorthWest 1978-2003)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 0),
(1029, 'A trophic mass-balance model of the northern and central Adriatic Sea was developed to characterize the classical food web functioning and structure and to describe the ecosystem impacts of fishing. Important features of the ecosystem were highlighted, such as the key role of coupled pelagicbenthic production of plankton, benthic invertebrates and detritus, and the importance of jellyfish and small pelagic fishes within the system. Fishing activities played top predator roles in the ecosystem, which supported notable fishing impacts. Bottom trawling and mid-water trawling showed the highest impacts on both target and non target species.', 'Adriatic Sea (North and Central)', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 0),
(1030, 'A preliminary trophic model of the northern Adriatic Sea, describing the main fishing fleets operating in this highly exploited area, is used to evaluate the effects of MPA institution on ecosystem properties and functioning. Ecospace simulations of MPA of different dimensions (number of cells) allowed evidencing higher positive effects for intermediate MPA dimensions.', 'Italy, North Adriatic Sea', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2003),
(1031, 'Using the Ecopath with Ecosim software system, a mass-balanced trophic model of Kuosheng Bay, where the Second Nuclear Power Plant is sited on the coast, was constructed. This model comprised 17 compartments, ranging from a trophic level of 1.00 for primary producers and detritus to 3.97 for piscivorous fish. The geometric mean of the trophic transfer efficiencies was 6.5%. The lower efficiencies were attributable to high flows to detritus, suggesting that the food web was more dependent on detritus than on primary producers to generate total system throughput. The total system throughput, system production, and system biomass were comparable to other reported coastal ecosystems, indicating Kuosheng Bay behaved like a typical coastal ecosystem. The total primary production to total respiratory ratio of 1.06 indicates that Kuosheng Bay is an autotrophic system. The low gross efficiency suggests the low fishing pressure in the bay, which implies that the fishery loss resulted from the power plant through impingement and entrainment was insignificant.', 'Taiwan, Kuosheng Bay', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2004),
(1032, 'An Ecopath-Ecosim ecosystem model under development for coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico simulates responses of 63 biomass pools to changes in fisheries and primary productivity. 10 key species are represented by detailed, multi-stanza population dynamics models (31 of the biomass pools) that attempt to explicitly account for possible changes in recruitment rates due to changes in bycatch rates and trophic interactions. Over a 1950-2004 historical reference period, the model shows good simulated agreement with time series patterns estimated from stock assessment and relative abundance index data for many of the species, and in particular offers an explanation for apparent nonstationarity in natural mortality rates of menhaden (declining apparent M\r\nover time). It makes one highly counterintuitive policy prediction about impacts of management efforts aimed at reducing bycatch in the shrimp trawl fishery, namely that bycatch reduction may cause negative impacts on productivity of several valued species (menhaden Brevoortia patronus, red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, red snapper Lutjanus campechanus) by allowing recovery of some benthic predators such as catfishes that have been impacted by trawling but are also potentially important predators on juveniles of the valued species. Recognition of this policy implication would have been impossible without explicit, multistanza representation of juvenile life histories and trophic interactions, since the predicted changes in predation regimes represent only very small overall biomass fluxes.', 'Mexico, Gulf of Mexico, Ecosystem Management', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-05-02 08:36:39', 1, 2006),
(1033, 'APECOSM model (Apex Predators ECOSystem Model) aims to represent the spatialized dynamics of open ocean pelagic ecosystems in the global ocean. Physical forcings (winds, temperature and currents from the OPA circulation model), biogeochemical forcings (primary production and oxygen from the PISCES biogeochemical model) as well as the effects of fishing are explicitely taken into account in the model.\r\n\r\nThe model represents the energy flow through the Open Ocean Pelagic Ecosystem (OOPE) with a size-structured energy flux equation in 4 explicit dimensions (space /x /, / y/, time /t/ and organisms weight /w/). The epipelagic community is distinguished from the mesopelagic migratory community. The energy input at the basis of the OOPE comes from the PISCES biogeochemical model.\r\n\r\nThe tuna species under interest (yellowfin, skipjack, bigeye, albacore) belongs to the OOPE (/i.e./: interact trophically with it) but have a finer structure. Tuna population dynamics are indeed represented with a DEB-based (Dynamic Energy Budget) physiologicaly structured advection-diffusion flux equation which transports individuals through a 6 dimensional space (space /x /, / y/, time /t/, reserves /E/, structure /V/, gonades /G/). Behaviour of fish is related to their physiological status.\r\nA sub-model enables to take into account the small-scale vertical movements of tunas into the larger scale ecosystem dynamics model and drives the interactions between tunas and OOPE. ', 'APECOSM', 0, 'NEMO-IPA', 0, 'PISCES', 2, '', 1, 'APECOSM', 2, '', 2, '', '', NULL, '2007-07-17 16:09:57', 0, NULL);
-- --------------------------------------------------------
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(1, 71, 6, 'Carlotti F, Wolf KU 1998. A Lagrangian ensemble model of Calanus finmarchicus coupled with a 1-D ecosystem model, FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY 7 (3-4): 191-204 \r\n'),
(2, 71, 5, 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2419.1998.00085.x'),
(3, 78, 6, 'Oddo P, Pinardi N, Zavatarelli M 2005. A numerical study of the interannual variability of the Adriatic Sea (2000-2002), SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 353 (1-3): 39-56'),
(4, 78, 5, 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.061 '),
(5, 84, 6, 'Gislason H, Rice J, 1998. Modelling the response of size and diversity spectra of fish assemblages to changes in exploitation, ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE 55 (3): 362-370'),
(6, 84, 5, 'http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/jm/1998/00000055/00000003/art00323;jsessionid=1k7liqzsq1liv.alice'),
(7, 88, 6, 'Harley CDG, Hughes AR, Hultgren KM, et al. 2006. The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems, ECOLOGY LETTERS 9 (2): 228-241'),
(8, 88, 5, 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x'),
(9, 90, 4, 'http://www.oceanclimate.se/research_ocean_modelling.htm'),
(10, 94, 6, 'Petihakis G, Triantafyllou G, Pollani A, et al. 2005. Field data analysis and application of a complex water column biogeochemical model in different areas of a semi-enclosed basin: towards the development of an ecosystem management tool \r\nMARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 59 (5): 493-518'),
(11, 94, 5, 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.07.004 '),
(12, 94, 4, 'http://www.bo.ingv.it/ersem3/'),
(13, 95, 6, 'Petihakis G, Triantafyllou G, Pollani A, et al. 2005. Field data analysis and application of a complex water column biogeochemical model in different areas of a semi-enclosed basin: towards the development of an ecosystem management tool \r\nMARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 59 (5): 493-518'),
(14, 95, 5, 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.07.004'),
(15, 95, 4, 'http://www.bo.ingv.it/ersem3/'),
(16, 98, 6, 'Kone V, Machu E, Penven P, et al. 2005. Modeling the primary and secondary productions of the southern Benguela upwelling system: A comparative study through two biogeochemical models, GBC 19 (4): Art. No. GB4021'),
(17, 98, 5, 'http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005.../2004GB002427.shtml'),
(18, 98, 5, 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.008'),
(1070, 100, 1, ''),
(1066, 98, 6, 'Machu E et al. 2005. Phytoplankton distribution in the Agulhas system from a coupled physical-biological model, DSR PART I 52(7): 1300-1318'),
(21, 109, 1, 'bfm.jpg'),
(22, 109, 6, 'Crise A, Allen JI, Baretta J, et al. 1999. The Mediterranean pelagic ecosystem response to physical forcing, PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY 44 (1-3): 219-243'),
(23, 109, 5, 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(99)00027-0 '),
(24, 109, 4, 'http://www.bo.ingv.it/bfm/'),
(25, 110, 6, 'Umgiesser G, Canu DM, Cucco A, Solidoro C, 2004. A finite element model for the Venice Lagoon. Development, set up, calibration and validation, JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS 51 (1-4): 123-145 '),
(26, 110, 5, 'http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.05.009 '),
(27, 111, 4, 'http://www.bo.ingv.it/bfm/'),
(28, 112, 6, '0'),
(29, 113, 6, '0'),
(30, 114, 6, 'Worm B, Sandow M, Oschlies A, et al. 2005. Global patterns of predator diversity in the open oceans, SCIENCE 309 (5739): 1365-1369'),
(31, 114, 5, 'http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/309/5739/1365?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1=sandow&andorexacttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype='),
(32, 115, 6, '0'),
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-- Table structure for table `TAB_S3_Coverage`
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